System and method for generating signal waveforms in a CDMA cellular telephone system

ABSTRACT

A system and method for communicating information signals using spread spectrum communication techniques. PN sequences are constructed that provide orthogonality between the users so that mutual interference will be reduced, allowing higher capacity and better link performance. With orthogonal PN codes, the cross-correlation is zero over a predetermined time interval, resulting in no interference between the orthogonal codes, provided only that the code time frames are time aligned with each other. In an exemplary embodiment, signals are communicated between a cell-site and mobile units using direct sequence spread spectrum communication signals. In the exemplary embodiment, transmit power of mobile unit signals is controlled based on signal power received by the mobile unit and power adjustment commands sent to the mobile unit.

CLAIM OF PRIORITY UNDER 35 U.S.C. §120

The present Application for Patent is a Continuation and claims priorityto patent application Ser. No. 10/772,490 entitled “SYSTEM AND METHODFOR GENERATING SIGNAL WAVEFORMS IN A CDMA CELLULAR TELEPHONE SYSTEM”filed Feb. 5, 2004, now allowed, which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 09/360,059, filed Jul. 23, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No.6,693,951, issued on Feb. 17, 2004 which is a continuation of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 08/441,895, filed May 16, 1995, now U.S.Pat. No. 5,943,361 issued Aug. 24, 1999, which is a continuation of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 07/825,147, filed Jan. 24, 1992, now U.S.Pat. No. 5,416,797 issued May 16, 1995, which is a continuation of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 07/543,496, filed Jun. 25, 1990, now U.S.Pat. No. 5,103,459 issued Apr. 7, 1992, all of which are entitled“SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR GENERATING SIGNAL WAVEFORMS IN A CDMA CELLULARTELEPHONE SYSTEM” and are assigned to the assignee hereof and are herebyexpressly incorporated by reference herein.

BACKGROUND

1. Field

The present invention relates to cellular telephone systems. Morespecifically, the present invention relates to a novel and improvedsystem and method for communicating information, in a mobile cellulartelephone system or satellite mobile telephone system, using spreadspectrum communication signals.

2. Background

The use of code division multiple access (CDMA) modulation techniques isone of several techniques for facilitating communications in which alarge number of system users are present. Other multiple accesscommunication system techniques, such as time division multiple access(TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA) and AM modulationschemes such as amplitude companded single sideband (ACSSB) are known inthe art. However the spread spectrum modulation technique of CDMA hassignificant advantages over these modulation techniques for multipleaccess communication systems. The use of CDMA techniques in a multipleaccess communication system is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,901,307,entitled “SPREAD SPECTRUM MULTIPLE ACCESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM USINGSATELLITE OR TERRESTRIAL REPEATERS”, assigned to the assignee of thepresent invention, of which the disclosure thereof is incorporated byreference.

In the just mentioned patent, a multiple access technique is disclosedwhere a large number of mobile telephone system users each having atransceiver communicate through satellite repeaters or terrestrial basestations (also referred to as cell-sites stations, cell-sites or forshort, cells) using code division multiple access (CDMA) spread spectrumcommunication signals. In using CDMA communications, the frequencyspectrum can be reused multiple times thus permitting an increase insystem user capacity. The use of CDMA results in a much higher spectralefficiency than can be achieved using other multiple access techniques.

The satellite channel typically experiences fading that is characterizedas Rician. Accordingly the received signal consists of a directcomponent summed with a multiple reflected component having Rayleighfading statistics. The power ratio between the direct and reflectedcomponent is typically on the order of 6-10 dB, depending upon thecharacteristics of the mobile unit antenna and the environment about themobile unit.

Contrasting with the satellite channel, the terrestrial channelexperiences signal fading that typically consists of the Rayleigh fadedcomponent without a direct component. Thus, the terrestrial channelpresents a more severe fading environment than the satellite channel inwhich Rician fading is the dominant fading characteristic.

The Rayleigh fading characteristic in the terrestrial channel signal iscaused by the signal being reflected from many different features of thephysical environment. As a result, a signal arrives at a mobile unitreceiver from many directions with different transmission delays. At theUHF frequency bands usually employed for mobile radio communications,including those of cellular mobile telephone systems, significant phasedifferences in signals traveling on different paths may occur. Thepossibility for destructive summation of the signals may result, with onoccasion deep fades occurring.

Terrestrial channel fading is a very strong function of the physicalposition of the mobile unit. A small change in position of the mobileunit changes the physical delays of all the signal propagation paths,which further results in a different phase for each path. Thus, themotion of the mobile unit through the environment can result in a quiterapid fading process. For example, in the 850 MHz cellular radiofrequency band, this fading can typically be as fast as one fade persecond per mile per hour of vehicle speed. Fading this severe can beextremely disruptive to signals in the terrestrial channel resulting inpoor communication quality. Additional transmitter power can be used toovercome the problem of fading. However, such power increases effectboth the user, in excessive power consumption, and the system byincreased interference.

The CDMA modulation techniques disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,901,307offer many advantages over narrow band modulation techniques used incommunication systems employing satellite or terrestrial repeaters. Theterrestrial channel poses special problems to any communication systemparticularly with respect to multipath signals. The use of CDMAtechniques permit the special problems of the terrestrial channel to beovercome by mitigating the adverse effect of multipath, e.g. fading,while also exploiting the advantages thereof.

In a CDMA cellular telephone system, the same frequency band can be usedfor communication in all cells. The CDMA waveform properties thatprovide processing gain are also used to discriminate between signalsthat occupy the same frequency band. Furthermore the high speedpseudonoise (PN) modulation allows many different propagation paths tobe separated, provided the difference in path delays exceed the PN chipduration, i.e. 1/bandwidth. If a PN chip rate of approximately 1 MHz isemployed in a CDMA system, the full spread spectrum processing gain,equal to the ratio of the spread bandwidth to system data rate, can beemployed against paths that differ by more than one microsecond in pathdelay from the desired path. A one microsecond path delay differentialcorresponds to differential path distance of approximately 1,000 feet.The urban environment typically provides differential path delays inexcess of one microsecond, and up to 10-20 microseconds are reported insome areas.

In narrow band modulation systems such as the analog FM modulationemployed by conventional telephone systems, the existence of multiplepaths results in severe multipath fading. With wide band CDMAmodulation, however, the different paths may be discriminated against inthe demodulation process. This discrimination greatly reduces theseverity of multipath fading. Multipath fading is not totally eliminatedin using CDMA discrimination techniques because there will occasionallyexist paths with delayed differentials of less than the PN chip durationfor the particular system. Signals having path delays on this ordercannot be discriminated against in the demodulator, resulting in somedegree of fading.

It is therefore desirable that some form of diversity be provided whichwould permit a system to reduce fading. Diversity is one approach formitigating the deleterious effects of fading. Three major types ofdiversity exist: time diversity, frequency diversity and spacediversity.

Time diversity can best be obtained by the use of repetition, timeinterleaving, and error detection and coding which is a form ofrepetition. The present invention employs each of these techniques as aform of time diversity.

CDMA by its inherent nature of being a wideband signal offers a form offrequency diversity by spreading the signal energy over a widebandwidth. Therefore, frequency selective fading affects only a smallpart of the CDMA signal bandwidth.

Space or path diversity is obtained by providing multiple signal pathsthrough simultaneous links from a mobile user through two or morecell-sites. Furthermore, path diversity may be obtained by exploitingthe multipath environment through spread spectrum processing by allowinga signal arriving with different propagation delays to be received andprocessed separately. Examples of path diversity are illustrated in U.S.Pat. No. 5,101,501, entitled “METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR PROVIDING SOFTHANDOFF IN COMMUNICATIONS IN A CDMA CELLULAR TELEPHONE SYSTEM”, and U.S.Pat. No. 5,109,390, entitled “DIVERSITY RECEIVER IN A CDMA CELLULARTELEPHONE SYSTEM”, both assigned to the assignee of the presentinvention.

The deleterious effects of fading can be further controlled to a certainextent in a CDMA system by controlling transmitter power. A system forcell-site and mobile unit power control is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.5,056,109, entitled “METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CONTROLLING TRANSMISSIONPOWER IN A CDMA CELLULAR MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEM”, also assigned to theassignee of the present invention.

The CDMA techniques as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,901,307 contemplatedthe use of coherent modulation and demodulation for both directions ofthe link in mobile-satellite communications. Accordingly, disclosedtherein is the use of a pilot carrier signal as a coherent phasereference for the satellite-to-mobile link and the cell-to-mobile link.In the terrestrial cellular environment, however, the severity ofmultipath fading, with the resulting phase disruption of the channel,precludes usage of coherent demodulation technique for themobile-to-cell link. The present invention provides a means forovercoming the adverse effects of multipath in the mobile-to-cell linkby using noncoherent modulation and demodulation techniques.

The CDMA techniques as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,901,307 furthercontemplated the use of relatively long PN sequences with each userchannel being assigned a different PN sequence. The cross-correlationbetween different PN sequences and the autocorrelation of a PN sequencefor all time shifts other than zero both have a zero average value whichallows the different user signals to be discriminated upon reception.

However, such PN signals are not orthogonal. Although thecross-correlations average to zero, for a short time interval such as aninformation bit time the cross-correlation follows a binomialdistribution. As such, the signals interfere with each other much thesame as if they were wide bandwidth Gaussian noise at the same powerspectral density. Thus the other user signals, or mutual interferencenoise, ultimately limits the achievable capacity.

The existence of multipath can provide path diversity to a wideband PNCDMA system. If two or more paths are available with greater than onemicrosecond differential path delay, two or more PN receivers can beemployed to separately receive these signals. Since these signals willtypically exhibit independence in multipath fading, i.e., they usuallydo not fade together, the outputs of the two receivers can be diversitycombined. Therefore a loss in performance only occurs when bothreceivers experience fades at the same time. Hence, one aspect of thepresent invention is the provision of two or more PN receivers incombination with a diversity combiner. In order to exploit the existenceof multipath signals, to overcome fading, it is necessary to utilize awaveform that permits path diversity combining operations to beperformed.

It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide for thegeneration of PN sequences which are orthogonal so as to reduce mutualinterference, thereby permitting greater user capacity, and support pathdiversity thereby overcoming fading.

SUMMARY

The implementation of spread spectrum communication techniques,particularly CDMA techniques, in the mobile cellular telephoneenvironment therefore provides features which vastly enhance systemreliability and capacity over other communication system techniques.CDMA techniques as previously mentioned further enable problems such asfading and interference to be readily overcome. Accordingly, CDMAtechniques further promote greater frequency reuse, thus enabling asubstantial increase in the number of system users.

The present invention is a novel and improved method and system forconstructing PN sequences that provide orthogonality between the usersso that mutual interference will be reduced, allowing higher capacityand better link performance. With orthogonal PN codes, thecross-correlation is zero over a predetermined time interval, resultingin no interference between the orthogonal codes, provided only that thecode time frames are time aligned with each other.

In an exemplary embodiment, signals are communicated between a cell-siteand mobile units using direct sequence spread spectrum communicationsignals. In the cell-to-mobile link, pilot, sync, paging and voicechannels are defined. Information communicated on the cell-to-mobilelink channels are, in general, encoded, interleaved, bi-phase shift key(BPSK) modulated with orthogonal covering of each BPSK symbol along withquadrature phase shift key (QPSK) spreading of the covered symbols.

In the mobile-to-cell link, access and voice channels are defined.Information communicated on the mobile-to-cell link channels are, ingeneral, encoded, interleaved, orthogonal signaling along with QPSKspreading.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The features, objects, and advantages of the present invention willbecome more apparent from the detailed description set forth below whentaken in conjunction with the drawings in which like referencecharacters identify correspondingly throughout and wherein:

FIG. 1 is a schematic overview of an exemplary CDMA cellular telephonesystem;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the cell-site equipment as implemented inthe CDMA cellular telephone system;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the cell-site receiver;

FIGS. 4 a-4 c is a block diagram of the cell-site transmit modulator;and

FIG. 5 is an exemplary timing diagram of sync channel symbolsynchronization;

FIG. 6 is an exemplary timing diagram of sync channel timing withorthogonal covering;

FIG. 7 is an exemplary timing diagram of the overall cell-to-mobile linktiming;

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of the mobile telephone switching officeequipment;

FIG. 9 is a block diagram of the mobile unit telephone configured forCDMA communications in the CDMA cellular telephone system;

FIG. 10 is a block diagram of the mobile unit receiver; and

FIG. 11 is a block diagram of the mobile unit transmit modulator;

FIG. 12 is an exemplary timing diagram of the mobile-to-cell link forthe variable data rate with burst transmission; and

FIG. 13 is an exemplary timing diagram of the overall mobile-to-celllink timing.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In a CDMA cellular telephone system, each cell-site has a plurality ofmodulator-demodulator units or spread spectrum modems. Each modemconsists of a digital spread spectrum transmit modulator, at least onedigital spread spectrum data receiver and a searcher receiver. Eachmodem at the cell-site is assigned to a mobile unit as needed tofacilitate communications with the assigned mobile unit.

A soft handoff scheme is employed for a CDMA cellular telephone systemin which a new cell-site modem is assigned to a mobile unit while theold cell-site modem continues to service the call. When the mobile unitis located in the transition region between the two cell-sites, the callcan be switched back and forth between cell-sites as signal strengthdictates. Since the mobile unit is always communicating through at leastone cell-site modem, fewer disrupting effects to the mobile unit or inservice will occur. The mobile unit thus utilizes multiple receivers forassisting in the handoff process in addition to a diversity function formitigating the effects of fading.

In the CDMA cellular telephone system, each cell-site transmits a “pilotcarrier” signal. Should the cell be divided into sectors, each sectorhas an associated distinct pilot signal within the cell. This pilotsignal is used by the mobile units to obtain initial systemsynchronization and to provide robust time, frequency and phase trackingof the cell-site transmitted signals. Each cell-site also transmitsspread spectrum modulated information, such as cell-site identification,system timing, mobile paging information and various other controlsignals.

The pilot signal transmitted by each sector of each cell is of the samespreading code but with a different code phase offset. Phase offsetallows the pilot signals to be distinguished from one another thusdistinguishing originating cell-sites or sectors. Use of the same pilotsignal code allows the mobile unit to find system timing synchronizationby a single search through all pilot signal code phases. The strongestpilot signal, as determined by a correlation process for each codephase, is readily identifiable. The identified strongest pilot signalgenerally corresponds to the pilot signal transmitted by the nearestcell-site. However, the strongest pilot signal is used whether or not itis transmitted by the closest cell-site.

Upon acquisition of the strongest pilot signal, i.e. initialsynchronization of the mobile unit with the strongest pilot signal, themobile unit searches for another carrier intended to be received by allsystem users in the cell. This carrier, called the synchronizationchannel, transmits a broadcast message containing system information foruse by the mobiles in the system. The system information identifies thecell-site and the system in addition to conveying information whichallows the long PN codes, interleaver frames, vocoders and other systemtiming information used by the mobile unit to be synchronized withoutadditional searching. Another channel, called the paging channel mayalso be provided to transmit messages to mobiles indicating that a callhas arrived for them, and to respond with channel assignments when amobile initiates a call.

The mobile unit continues to scan the received pilot carrier signal codeat the code offsets corresponding to cell-site neighboring sector orneighboring transmitted pilot signals. This scanning is done in order todetermine if a pilot signal emanating from a neighboring sector or cellis becoming stronger than the pilot signal first determined to bestrongest. If, while in this call inactive mode, a neighbor sector orneighbor cell-site pilot signal becomes stronger than that of theinitial cell-site sector or cell-site transmitted pilot signal, themobile unit will acquire the stronger pilot signals and correspondingsync and paging channel of the new sector or cell-site.

When a call is initiated, a pseudonoise (PN) code address is determinedfor use during the course of this call. The code address may be eitherassigned by the cell-site or be determined by prearrangement based uponthe identity of the mobile unit. After a call is initiated the mobileunit continues to scan the pilot signal transmitted by the cell-sitethrough which communications are established in addition to pilot signalof neighboring sectors or cells. Pilot signal scanning continues inorder to determine if one of the neighboring sector or cell transmittedpilot signals becomes stronger than the pilot signal transmitted by thecell-site the mobile unit is in communication with. When the pilotsignal associated with a neighboring cell or cell sector becomesstronger than the pilot signal of the current cell or cell sector, it isan indication to the mobile unit that a new cell or cell sector has beenentered and that a handoff should be initiated.

An exemplary telephone system in which the present invention is embodiedis illustrated in FIG. 1. The system illustrated in FIG. 1 utilizesspread spectrum modulation techniques in communication between thesystem mobile units or mobile telephones, and the cell-sites. Cellularsystems in large cities may have hundreds of cell-site stations servinghundreds of thousands of mobile telephones. The use of spread spectrumtechniques, in particular CDMA, readily facilitates increases in usercapacity in systems of this size as compared to conventional FMmodulation cellular systems.

In FIG. 1, system controller and switch 10, also referred to as mobiletelephone switching office (MTSO), typically includes interface andprocessing circuitry for providing system control to the cell-sites.Controller 10 also controls the routing of telephone calls from thepublic switched telephone network (PSTN) to the appropriate cell-sitefor transmission to the appropriate mobile unit. Controller 10 alsocontrols the routing of calls from the mobile units, via at least onecell-site, to the PSTN. Controller 10 may connect calls between mobileusers via the appropriate cell-sites since the mobile units do nottypically communicate directly with one another.

Controller 10 may be coupled to the cell-sites by various means such asdedicated telephone lines, optical fiber links or microwavecommunication links. In FIG. 1, two such exemplary cell-sites 12 and 14including, along with mobile units 16 and 18 each including a cellulartelephone are illustrated. Cell-sites 12 and 14 as discussed herein andillustrated in the drawings are considered to service an entire cell.However it should be understood that the cell may be geographicallydivided into sectors with each sector treated as a different coveragearea. Accordingly, handoffs are made between sectors of a same cell asis described herein for multiple cells, while diversity may also beachieved between sectors as is for cells.

In FIG. 1, arrowed lines 20 a-20 b and 22 a-22 b respectively define thepossible communication links between cell-site 12 and mobile unit 16 and18. Similarly, arrowed lines 24 a-24 b and 26 a-26 b respectively definethe possible communication links between cell-site 14 and mobile units16 and 18. Cell-sites 12 and 14 nominally transmit using equal power.

The cell-site service areas or cells are designed in geographic shapessuch that the mobile unit will normally be closest to one cell-site, andwithin one cell sector should the cell be divided into sectors. When themobile unit is idle, i.e. no calls in progress, the mobile unitconstantly monitors the pilot signal transmissions from each nearbycell-site, and if applicable from a single cell-site in which the cellis sectorized. As illustrated in FIG. 1, the pilot signals arerespectively transmitted to mobile unit 16 by cell-sites 12 and 14 uponoutbound or forward communication links 20 a and 26 a. Mobile unit 16can determine which cell it is in by comparing signal strength in pilotsignals transmitted from cell-sites 12 and 14.

In the example illustrated in FIG. 1, mobile unit 16 may be consideredclosest to cell-site 12. When mobile unit 16 initiates a call, a controlmessage is transmitted to the nearest cell-site, cell-site 12. Cell-site12 upon receiving the call request message, transfers the called numberto system controller 10. System controller 10 then connects the callthrough the PSTN to the intended recipient.

Should a call be initiated within the PSTN, controller 10 transmits thecall information to all the cell-sites in the area. The cell-sites inreturn transmit a paging message within each respective coverage areathat is intended for the called recipient mobile user. When the intendedrecipient mobile unit hears the page message, it responds with a controlmessage that is transmitted to the nearest cell-site. This controlmessage signals the system controller that this particular cell-site isin communication with the mobile unit. Controller 10 then routes thecall through this cell-site to the mobile unit. Should mobile unit 16move out of the coverage area of the initial cell-site, cell-site 12, anattempt is made to continue the call by routing the call through anothercell-site.

With respect to cellular telephone systems, The Federal CommunicationsCommission (FCC) has allocated a total of 25 MHz for mobile-to-celllinks and 25 MHz for cell-to-mobile links. The FCC has divided theallocation equally between two service providers, one of which is thewireline telephone company for the service area and the other chosen bylottery. Because of the order in which allocations were made, the

12.5 MHz allocated to each carrier for each direction of the link isfurther subdivided into two sub-bands. For the wireline carriers, thesub-bands are each 10 MHz and 2.5 MHz wide. For the non-wirelinecarriers, the sub-bands are each 11 MHz and 1.5 MHz wide. Thus, a signalbandwidth of less than 1.5 MHz could be fit into any of the sub-bands,while a bandwidth of less than 2.5 MHz could be fit into all but onesub-band.

To preserve maximum flexibility in allocating the CDMA technique to theavailable cellular frequency spectrum, the waveform utilized in thecellular telephone system should be less than 1.5 MHz in bandwidth. Agood second choice would be a bandwidth of about 2.5 MHz, allowing fullflexibility to the wireline cellular carriers and nearly fullflexibility to non-wireline cellular carriers. While using a widerbandwidth has the advantage of offering increased multipathdiscrimination, disadvantages exist in the form of higher equipmentcosts and lower flexibility in frequency assignment within the allocatedbandwidth.

In a spread spectrum cellular telephone system, such as illustrated inFIG. 1, the preferred waveform design implemented involves a directsequence pseudonoise spread spectrum carrier. The chip rate of the PNsequence is chosen to be 1.2288 MHz in the preferred embodiment. Thisparticular chip rate is chosen so that the resulting bandwidth, about1.25 MHz after filtering, is approximately one-tenth of the totalbandwidth allocated to one cellular service carrier.

Another consideration in the choice of the exact chip rate is that it isdesirable that the chip rate be exactly divisible by the baseband datarates to be used in the system. It is also desirable for the divisor tobe a power of two. In the preferred embodiment, the baseband data rateis 9600 bits per second, leading to a choice of 1.2288 MHz, 128 times9600 for the PN chip rate.

In the cell-to-mobile link, the binary sequences used for spreading thespectrum are constructed from two different types of sequences, eachwith different properties to provide different functions. There is anouter code that is shared by all signals in a cell or sector that isused to discriminate between multipath signals. The outer code is alsoused to discriminate between signals transmitted by different cells orsectors to the mobile units. There is also an inner code that is used todiscriminate between user signals transmitted by single sector or cell.

The carrier waveform design in the preferred embodiment for thecell-site transmitted signals utilizes a sinusoidal carrier that isquadraphase (four phase) modulated by a pair of binary PN sequences thatprovide the outer code transmitted by a single sector or cell. Thesequences are generated by two different PN generators of the samesequence length. One sequence bi-phase modulates the in-phase channel (IChannel) of the carrier and the other sequence bi-phase modulates thequadrature phase (Q Channel) of the carrier. The resulting signals aresummed to form a composite four-phase carrier.

Although the values of a logical “zero” and a logical “one” areconventionally used to represent the binary sequences, the signalvoltages used in the modulation process are +V volts for a logical “one”and −V volts for a logical “zero”. To bi-phase modulate a sinusoidalsignal, a zero volt average value sinusoid is multiplied by the +V or −Vvoltage level as controlled by the binary sequences using a multipliercircuit. The resulting signal may then be band limited by passingthrough a bandpass filter. It is also known in the art to lowpass filterthe binary sequence stream prior to multiplying by the sinusoidalsignal, thereby interchanging the order of the operations. A quadraphasemodulator consists of two bi-phase modulators each driven by a differentsequence and with the sinusoidal signals used in the bi-phase modulatorshaving a 90° phase shift therebetween.

In the preferred embodiment, the sequence length for the transmittedsignal carrier is chosen to be 32768 chips. Sequences of this length canbe generated by a modified maximal-length linear sequence generator byadding a zero bit to a length 32767 chip sequence. The resultingsequence has good cross-correlation and autocorrelation properties. Goodcross-correlation and autocorrelation properties are necessary toprevent mutual interference between pilot carriers transmitted bydifferent cells.

A sequence this short in length is desirable in order to minimizeacquisition time of the mobile units when they first enter the systemwithout knowledge of system timing. With unknown timing, the entirelength of the sequence must be searched to determine the correct timing.The longer the sequence, the longer time the acquisition search willrequire. Although sequences shorter than 32768 could be used, it must beunderstood that as sequence length is reduced, the code processing gainis reduces. As processing gain is reduced, the rejection of multipathinterference along with interference from adjacent cells and othersources will also be reduced, perhaps to unacceptable levels. Thus,there is a desire to use the longest sequence that can be acquired in areasonable time. It is also desirable to use the same code polynomialsin all cells so that the mobile unit, not knowing what cell it is inwhen initially acquiring synchronization, can obtain fullsynchronization by searching a single code polynomial.

In order to simplify the synchronization process, all the cells in thesystem are synchronized to each other. In the exemplary embodiment, cellsynchronization is accomplished by synchronizing all the cells to acommon time reference, the Navstar Global Positioning System satellitenavigation system which is itself synchronized to Universal CoordinatedTime (UTC).

Signals from different cells are differentiated by providing timeoffsets of the basic sequences. Each cell is assigned a different timeoffset of the basic sequences differing from its neighbors. In thepreferred embodiment, the 32768 repetition period is divided into a setof 512 timing offsets. The 512 offsets are spaced 64 chips apart. Eachsector of each cell in a cellular system is also assigned a differentone of the offsets to use for all its transmissions. If there are morethan 512 sectors or cells in the system, then the offsets can be reusedin the same manner as frequencies are reused in the present analog FMcellular system. In other designs, a different number than 512 offsetscould be used. With reasonable care in assignment of pilot signaloffsets, it should never be necessary for near neighboring cells to usenear neighboring time offsets.

All signals transmitted by a cell or one of the sectors of the cellshare the same outer PN codes for the I and Q channels. The signals arealso spread with an inner orthogonal code generated by using Walshfunctions. A signal addressed to a particular user is multiplied by theouter PN sequences and by a particular Walsh sequence, or sequence ofWalsh sequences, assigned by the system controller for the duration ofthe user's telephone call. The same inner code is applied to both the Iand Q channels resulting in a modulation which is effectively bi-phasefor the inner code.

It is well known in the art that a set of n orthogonal binary sequences,each of length n, for n any power of 2 can be constructed, see DigitalCommunications with Space Applications, S. W. Golomb et al.,Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1964, pp. 45-64. In fact, orthogonal binarysequence sets are also known for most lengths which are multiples offour and less than two hundred. One class of such sequences that is easyto generate is called the Walsh function, also known as Hadamardmatrices.

A Walsh function of order n can be defined recursively as follows:${W(n)} = {\begin{matrix}{{W( {n/2} )},{W( {n/2} )}} \\{{W( {n/2} )},{W^{\prime}( {n/2} )}}\end{matrix}}$

where W′ denotes the logical complement of W, and W(1) = 0.

Thus, ${W(2)} = {{\begin{matrix}{0,0} \\{0,1}\end{matrix}}\quad{and}}$ ${W(4)} = {\begin{matrix}{0,0,0,0} \\{0,1,0,1} \\{0,0,1,1} \\{0,1,1,0}\end{matrix}}$

W(8) is as follows: ${W(8)} = {\begin{matrix}{0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0} \\{0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1} \\{0,0,1,1,0,0,1,1} \\{0,1,1,0,0,1,1,0} \\{0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1} \\{0,1,0,1,1,0,1,0} \\{0,0,1,1,1,1,0,0} \\{0,1,1,0,1,0,0,1}\end{matrix}}$

A Walsh sequence is one of the rows of a Walsh function matrix. A Walshfunction of order n contains n sequences, each of length n bits.

A Walsh function of order n (as well as other orthogonal functions) hasthe property that over the interval of n code symbols, thecross-correlation between all the different sequences within the set iszero, provided that the sequences are time aligned with each other. Thiscan be seen by noting that every sequence differs from every othersequence in exactly half of its bits. It should also be noted that thereis always one sequence containing all zeroes and that all the othersequences contain half ones and half zeroes.

Neighboring cells and sectors can reuse the Walsh sequences because theouter PN codes used in neighboring cells and sectors are distinct.Because of the differing propagation times for signals between aparticular mobile's location and two or more different cells, it is notpossible to satisfy the condition of time alignment required for Walshfunction orthogonality for both cells at one time. Thus, reliance mustbe placed on the outer PN code to provide discrimination between signalsarriving at the mobile unit from different cells. However, all thesignals transmitted by a cell are orthogonal to each other and thus donot contribute interference to each other. This eliminates the majorityof the interference in most locations, allowing a higher capacity to beobtained.

The system further envisions the voice channel to be a variable ratechannel whose data rate can be varied from data block to data block witha minimum of overhead required to control the data rate in use. The useof variable data rates reduces mutual interference by eliminatingunnecessary transmissions when there is no useful speech to betransmitted. Algorithms are utilized within the vocoders for generatinga varying number of bits in each vocoder block in accordance withvariations in speech activity. During active speech, the vocoder mayproduce 20 msec. data blocks containing 20, 40, 80, or 160 bits,depending on the activity of the speaker. It is desired to transmit thedata blocks in a fixed amount of time by varying the rate oftransmission. It is further desirable not to require signaling bits toinform the receiver how many bits are being transmitted.

The blocks are further encoded by the use of a cyclic redundancy checkcode (CRCC) which appends to the block an additional set of parity bitswhich can be used to determine whether or not the block of data has beendecoded correctly. CRCC check codes are produced by dividing the datablock by a predetermined binary polynomial. The CRCC consists of all ora portion of the remainder bits of the division process. The CRCC ischecked in the receiver by reproducing the same remainder and checkingto see of the received remainder bits are the same as the regeneratedcheck bits.

In the disclosed invention, the receiving decoder decodes the block asif it contains 160 bits, and then again as if it contains 80 bits, etc.until all possible block lengths have been tried. The CRCC is computedfor each trial decoding. If one of the trial decodings results in acorrect CRCC, the data block is accepted and passed on to the vocoderfor further processing. If no trial decoding produces a valid CRCC, thereceived symbols are passed on to the system's signal processor whereother processing operations can optionally be performed.

In the cell transmitter, the power of the transmitted waveform is variedas the data rate of the block is varied. The highest data rate uses thehighest carrier power. When the data rate is lower than the maximum, themodulator, in addition to lowering the power, repeats each encoded datasymbol a number of times as required to achieve the desired transmissionrate. For example, at the lowest transmission rate, each encoded symbolis repeated four times.

In the mobile transmitter, the peak power is held constant but thetransmitter is gated off ½, or ¼ or ⅛ of the time in accordance with thenumber of bits to be transmitted in the data block. The positions of theon-times of the transmitter is varied pseudo-randomly in accordance withthe mobile user's addressed user code.

Cell-to-Mobile Link

In the preferred embodiment, the Walsh function size n, is set equal tosixty-four (n=64) for the cell-to-mobile link. Therefore each of up tosixty-four different signals to be transmitted are assigned a uniqueorthogonal sequence. The forward error correction (FEC) encoded symbolstream for each voice conversation is multiplied by its assigned Walshsequence. The Walsh coded/FEC encoded symbol stream for each voicechannel is then multiplied by the outer PN coded waveform. The resultantspread symbol streams are then added together to form a compositewaveform.

The resulting composite waveform is then modulated onto a sinusoidalcarrier, bandpass filtered, translated to the desired operatingfrequency, amplified and radiated by the antenna system. Alternateembodiments of the present invention may interchange the order of someof the just described operations for forming the cell-site transmittedsignal. For example, it may be preferred to multiply each voice channelby the outer PN coded waveform and perform the filtering operation priorto summation of all the channel signals to be radiated by the antenna.It is well known in the art that the order of linear operations may beinterchanged to obtained various implementation advantages and differentdesigns.

The waveform design of the preferred embodiment for cellular serviceuses the pilot carrier approach for the cell-to-mobile link as describedin U.S. Pat. No. 4,901,307. All cells transmit pilot carriers using thesame 32768 length sequence, but with different timing offsets to preventmutual interference.

The pilot waveform uses the all-zero Walsh sequence, i.e. a Walshsequence comprised of all zeroes that is found in all Walsh functionsets. The use of the all-zero Walsh sequence for all cells' pilotcarriers allows the initial search for the pilot waveform to ignore theWalsh functions until after the outer code PN synchronization has beenobtained. The Walsh framing is locked to the PN code cycle by virtue ofthe length of the Walsh frame being a factor of the PN sequence length.Therefore, provided that the cell addressing offsets of the PN code aremultiples of sixty-four chips (or the Walsh frame length) then the Walshframing is known implicitly from the outer PN code timing cycle.

All the cells in a service area are supplied with accuratesynchronization. In the preferred embodiment, a GPS receiver at eachcell synchronizes the local waveform timing to Universal CoordinatedTime (UTC). The GPS system allows time synchronization to better than 1microsecond accuracy. Accurate synchronization of cells is desirable inorder to allow easy handoff of calls between cells when mobiles movefrom one cell to another with a call in progress. If the neighboringcells are synchronized, the mobile unit will not have difficultysynchronizing to the new cell thereby facilitating a smooth handoff.

The pilot carrier is transmitted at a higher power level than a typicalvoice carrier so as to provide greater signal to noise and interferencemargin for this signal. The higher power level pilot carrier enables theinitial acquisition search to be done at high speed and to make possiblea very accurate tracking of the carrier phase of the pilot carrier by arelatively wide bandwidth phase tracking circuit. The carrier phaseobtained from tracking the pilot carrier is used as the carrier phasereference for demodulation of the carriers modulated by user informationsignals. This technique allows many user carriers to share the commonpilot signal for carrier phase reference. For example, in a systemtransmitting a total of fifteen simultaneous voice carriers, the pilotcarrier might be allocated a transmit power equal to four voicecarriers.

In addition to the pilot carrier, another carrier intended to bereceived by all system users in the cell is transmitted by thecell-site. This carrier, called the synchronization channel, also usesthe same 32768 length PN sequence for spectrum spreading but with adifferent, pre-assigned Walsh sequence. The synchronization channeltransmits a broadcast message containing system information for use bythe mobiles in the system. The system information identifies thecell-site and the system and conveys information allowing the long PNcodes used for mobile information signals to be synchronized withoutadditional searching.

Another channel, called the paging channel may be provided to transmitmessages to mobiles indicating that a call has arrived for them, and torespond with channel assignments when a mobile initiates a call.

Each voice carrier transmits a digital representation of the speech fora telephone call. The analog speech waveform is digitized using standarddigital telephone techniques and then compressed using a vocodingprocess to a data rate of approximately 9600 bits per second. This datasignal is then rate r=½, constraint length K=9 convolutional encoded,with repetition, and interleaved in order to provide error detection andcorrection functions which allow the system to operate at a much lowersignal-to-noise and interference ratio. Techniques for convolutionalencoding, repetition and interleaving are well known in the art.

The resulting encoded symbols are multiplied by an assigned Walshsequence and then multiplied by the outer PN code. This process resultsin a PN sequence rate of 1.2288 MHz or 128 times the 9600 bps data rate.The resulting signal is then modulated onto an RF carrier and summedwith the pilot and setup carriers, along with the other voice carriers.Summation may be accomplished at several different points in theprocessing such as at the IF frequency, or at the baseband frequencyeither before or after multiplication by the PN sequence.

Each voice carrier is also multiplied by a value that sets itstransmitted power relative to the power of the other voice carriers.This power control feature allows power to be allocated to those linksthat require higher power due to the intended recipient being in arelatively unfavoring location. Means are provided for the mobiles toreport their received signal-to-noise ratio to allow the power to be setat a level so as to provide adequate performance without waste. Theorthogonality property of the Walsh functions is not disturbed by usingdifferent power levels for the different voice carriers provided thattime alignment is maintained.

FIG. 2 illustrates in block diagram form an exemplary embodimentcell-site equipment. At the cell-site, two receiver systems are utilizedwith each having a separate antenna and analog receiver for spacediversity reception. In each of the receiver systems the signals areprocessed identically until the signals undergoes a diversitycombination process. The elements within the dashed lines correspond toelements corresponding to the communications between the cell-site andone mobile unit. The output of the analog receivers are also provided toother elements used in communications with other mobile units.

In FIG. 2, the first receiver system is comprised of antenna 30, analogreceiver 32, searcher receiver 34 and digital data receiver 36. Thefirst receiver system may also include an optional digital datareceiver, receiver 38. The second receiver system includes antenna 40,analog receiver 42, searcher receiver 44 and digital data receiver 46.

The cell-site also includes cell-site control processor 48. Controlprocessor 48 is coupled to data receivers 36, 38, and 46 along withsearcher receivers 34 and 44. Control processor 48 provides among otherfunctions, functions such as signal processing; timing signalgeneration; power control; and control over handoff, diversity,diversity combining and system control processor interface with the MTSO(FIG. 8). Walsh sequence assignment along with transmitter and receiverassignment is also provided by control processor 48.

Both receiver systems are coupled by data receivers 36, 38, and 46 todiversity combiner and decoder circuitry 50. Digital link 52 is coupledto receive the output of diversity combiner and decoder circuitry 50.Digital link 52 is also coupled to control processor 48, cell-sitetransmit modulator 54 and the MTSO digital switch. Digital link 52 isutilized to communicate signals to and from the MTSO (FIG. 8) withcell-site transmit modulator 54 and circuitry 50 under the control ofcontrol processor 48.

The mobile unit transmitted signals are direct sequence spread spectrumsignals that are modulated by a PN sequence clocked at a predeterminedrate, which in the preferred embodiment is 1.2288 MHz. This clock rateis chosen to be an integer multiple of the baseband data rate of 9.6Kbps.

Signals received on antenna 30 are provided to analog receiver 32. Thedetails of receiver 32 are further illustrated in FIG. 3. Signalsreceived on antenna 30 are provided to downconverter 100 which iscomprised of RF amplifier 102 and mixer 104. The received signals areprovided as an input to RF amplifier where they are amplified and outputto an input to mixer 104. Mixer 104 is provided another input, thatbeing the output from frequency synthesizer 106. The amplified RFsignals are translated in mixer 104 to an IF frequency by mixing withthe frequency synthesizer output signal.

The IF signals are then output from mixer 104 to bandpass filter (BPF)108, typically a Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) filter having a passband of1.25 MHz, where they are bandpass filtered. The filtered signals areoutput from BPF 108 to IF amplifier 110 where the signals are amplified.The amplified IF signals are output from IF amplifier 110 to analog todigital (A/D) converter 112 where they are digitized at a 9.8304 MHzclock rate which is exactly 8 times the PN chip rate. Although A/Dconverter 112 is illustrated as part of receiver 32, it could instead bea part of the data and searcher receivers. The digitized IF signals areoutput from A/D converter 112 to data receiver 36, optional datareceiver 38 and searcher receiver 34. The signals output from receiver32 are I and Q channel signals as discussed later. Although asillustrated in FIG. 3 with A/D converter 112 being a single device, withlater splitting of the I and Q channel signals, it is envisioned thatchannel splitting may be done prior to digitizing with two separate A/Dconverters provided for digitizing the I and Q channels. Schemes for theRF-IF-Baseband frequency downconversion and analog to digital conversionfor I and Q channels are well known in the art.

Searcher receiver 34 is used at the cell-site to scan the time domainabout the received signal to ensure that the associated digital datareceiver 36, and data receiver 38 if used, are tracking and processingthe strongest available time domain signal. Searcher receiver 64provides a signal to cell-site control processor 48 which providescontrol signals to digital data receivers 36 and 38 for selecting theappropriate received signal for processing.

The signal processing in the cell-site data receivers and searcherreceiver is different in several aspects than the signal processing bysimilar elements in the mobile unit. In the inbound, i.e. reverse ormobile-to-cell link, the mobile unit does not transmit a pilot signalthat can be used for coherent reference purposes in signal processing atthe cell-site. The mobile-to-cell link is characterized by anon-coherent modulation and demodulation scheme using 64-ary orthogonalsignaling.

In the 64-ary orthogonal signaling process, the mobile unit transmittedsymbols are encoded into one of 2⁶, i.e. 64, different binary sequences.The set of sequences chosen are known as Walsh functions. The optimumreceive function for the Walsh function m-ary signal encoding is theFast Hadamard Transform (FHT).

Referring again to FIG. 2, searcher receiver 34 and digital datareceivers 36 and 38, receive the signals output from analog receiver 32.In order to decode the spread spectrum signals transmitted to theparticular cell-site receiver through which the mobile unitcommunicates, the proper PN sequences must be generated. Further detailson the generation of the mobile unit signals are discussed later herein.

As illustrated in FIG. 3, receiver 36 includes two PN generators, PNgenerators 120 and 122, which generate two different short code PNsequences of the same length. These two PN sequences are common to thoseof all cell-site receivers and all mobile units with respect to theouter code of the modulation scheme as discussed in further detail laterherein. PN generators 120 and 122 thus respectively provide the outputsequences, PN_(I) and PN_(Q). The PN_(I) and PN_(Q) sequences arerespectively referred to as the In-Phase (I) and Quadrature (O) channelPN sequences.

The two PN sequences, PN_(I) and PN_(Q), are generated by differentpolynomials of degree 15, augmented to produce sequences of length 32768rather than 32767 which would normally be produced. For example, theaugmentation may appear in the form of the addition of a single zero tothe run of fourteen 0's in a row which appears one time in everymaximal-length linear sequence of degree 15. In other words, one stateof the PN generator would be repeated in the generation of the sequence.Thus the modified sequence contains one run of fifteen 1's and one runof fifteen 0's. Such a PN generator circuit is disclosed in U.S. Pat.No. 5,228,054, entitled “POWER-OF-TWO LENGTH PSEUDO-NOISE SEQUENCEGENERATOR WITH FAST OFFSET ADJUSTMENTS”, and assigned to the assignee ofthe present invention.

In the exemplary embodiment receiver 36 also includes a long code PNgenerator 124 which generates a PN_(U) sequence corresponding to a PNsequence generated by the mobile unit in the mobile-to-cell link. PNgenerator 124 can be a maximal-length linear sequence generator thatgenerates a user PN code that is very long, for example degree 42, timeshifted in accordance with an additional factor such as the mobile unitaddress or user ID to provide discrimination among users. Thus thecell-site received signal is modulated by both the long code PN_(U)sequence and the short code PN_(I) and PN_(Q) sequences. In thealternative, a non-linear encryption generator, such as an encrypt orusing the data encryption standard (DES) to encrypt a 64-symbolrepresentation of universal time using a user specific key, may beutilized in place of PN generator 124.

The PN_(U) sequence output from PN generator 124 is exclusive-OR'ed withthe PN_(I) and PN_(Q) sequences respectively in exclusive-OR gates 126and 128 to provide the sequences PN_(I)′ and PN_(Q)′.

The sequences PN_(I)′ and PN_(Q)′ are provided to PN QPSK correlator 130along with the I and Q channel signals output from receiver 32.Correlator 130 is utilized to correlate the I and Q channel data withthe PN_(I)′ and PN_(Q)′ sequences. The correlated I and Q channeloutputs of correlator 130 are respectively provided to accumulators 132and 134 where the symbol data is accumulated over a 4-chip period. Theoutputs of accumulators 132 and 134 are provided as inputs to FastHadamard Transform (FHT) processor 136. FHT processor 148 produces a setof 64 coefficients for every 6 symbols. The 64 coefficients are thenmultiplied by a weighting function generated in control processor 48.The weighting function is linked to the demodulated signal strength. Theweighted data output from FHT 136 is provided to diversity combiner anddecoder circuitry 50 (FIG. 2) for further processing.

The second receiver system processes the received signals in a mannersimilar to that discussed with respect to the first receiver system ofFIGS. 2 and 3. The weighted 64 symbols output from receivers 36 and 46are provided to diversity combiner and decoder circuitry 40. Circuitry50 includes an adder which adds the weighted 64 coefficients fromreceiver 36 to the weighted 64 coefficients from receiver 46. Theresulting 64 coefficients are compared with one another in order todetermine the largest coefficient. The magnitude of the comparisonresult, together with the identity or the largest of the 64coefficients, is used to determine a set of decoder weights and symbolsfor use within a Viterbi algorithm decoder implemented in circuitry 50.

The Viterbi decoder contained within circuitry 50 is of a type capableof decoding data encoded at the mobile unit with a constraint lengthK=9, and of a code rate r=⅓. The Viterbi decoder is utilized todetermine the most likely information bit sequence. Periodically,nominally 1.25 msec, a signal quality estimate is obtained andtransmitted as a mobile unit power adjustment command along with data tothe mobile unit. Further information on the generation of this qualityestimate is discussed in further detail in the copending applicationmentioned above. This quality estimate is the average signal-to-noiseratio over the 1.25 msec interval.

Each data receiver tracks the timing of the received signal it isreceiving. This is accomplished by the well known technique ofcorrelating the received signal by a slightly early local reference PNand correlating the received signal with a slightly late local referencePN. The difference between these two correlations will average to zeroif there is no timing error. Conversely, if there is a timing error,then this difference will indicate the magnitude and sign of the errorand the receiver's timing is adjusted accordingly.

The cell-site further includes antenna 62 which is coupled to GPSreceiver 64. GPS receiver processes signals received on antenna 62 fromsatellites in the Navstar Global Positioning System satellite navigationsystem so as to provide timing signals indicative of UniversalCoordinated Time (UTC). GPS receiver 64 provides these timing signals tocontrol processor 48 for timing synchronizing at the cell-site asdiscussed previously.

In FIG. 2 optional digital data receiver 38 may be included for improvedperformance of the system. The structure and operation of this receiveris similar to that described with reference to the data receivers 36 and46. Receiver 38 may be utilized at the cell-site to obtain additionaldiversity modes. This additional data receiver alone or in combinationwith additional receivers can track and receive other possible delaypaths of mobile unit transmitted signals. Optional additional digitaldata receivers such as receiver 38 provides additional diversity modeswhich are extremely useful in those cell-sites which are located indense urban areas where many possibilities for multipath signals occur.

Signals from the MTSO are coupled to the appropriate transmit modulatorvia digital link 52 under control of control processor 48. Transmitmodulator 54 under control of control processor 48 spread spectrummodulates the data for transmission to the intended recipient mobileunit. Further details with respect to the structure and operation oftransmit modulator 54 are discussed below with reference to FIGS. 4 a-4c.

The output of transmit modulator 54 is provided to transmit powercontrol circuitry 56 where under the control of control processor 48 thetransmission power may be controlled. The output of circuitry 56 isprovided to summer 57 where it is summed with the output of transmitmodulator/transmit power control circuits directed to other mobiles inthe cell. The output of summer 57 is provided to transmit poweramplifier circuitry 58 where output to antenna 60 for radiating tomobile units within the cell service area. FIG. 2 further illustratespilot/control channel generators and transmit power control circuitry66. Circuitry 66 under control of control processor generates and powercontrols the pilot signal, the sync channel, and the paging channel forcoupling to circuitry 58 and output to antenna 60.

A block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of the cell-site transmitteris illustrated in FIGS. 4 a-4 c. The transmitter includes a pair of PNsequence generators used in generating the outer code. These PNgenerators generate two different PN sequences, i.e. the PN_(I) andPN_(Q) sequences, as was discussed with reference to FIG. 3. However,these PN_(I) and PN_(Q) sequences are delayed in time according to thesector or cell address.

In FIGS. 4 a-4 c, the transmitter circuitry of FIG. 2 is illustrated infurther detail with the pilot, sync, paging and voice channel signals.The transmitter circuitry includes two PN generators, PN generators 196and 198, which generate the PN_(I) and PN_(Q) sequences. PN generators196 and 198 are responsive to an input signal corresponding to a sectoror cell address signal from the control processor so as to provide apredetermined time delay to the PN sequences. These time delayed PN_(I)and PN_(Q) sequences again relate respectively to the In-Phase (I) andQuadrature (Q) channels. Although only two PN generators are illustratedfor respectively generating the PN_(I) and PN_(Q) sequences for thecorresponding channels of the cell-site or sector, it should beunderstood that many other PN generator schemes may be implemented. Forexample, in an unsectorized cell, a pair of PN generators may beprovided for each of the pilot, sync, paging and voice channels toproduce, in synchronization, the PN_(I) and PN_(Q) sequences used in theouter code. Such a case may be advantageous to avoid distributing thePN_(I) and PN_(Q) sequences throughout a large number of circuits.

In the preferred embodiment, Walsh function encoding of the channelsignals is employed as the inner code. In the exemplary numerology asdisclosed herein, a total of 64 different Walsh sequences are availablewith three of these sequences dedicated to the pilot, sync and pagingchannel functions. In the sync, paging and voice channels, input data isconvolutionally encoded and then interleaved as is well known in theart. Furthermore, the convolutional encoded data is also provided withrepetition before interleaving as is also well known in the art.

The pilot channel contains no data modulation and is characterized as anunmodulated spread spectrum signal that all of the users of a particularcell-site or sector use for acquisition or tracking purposes. Each cell,or if divided into sectors, each sector has a unique pilot signal.However, rather than using different PN generators for the pilotsignals, it is realized that a more efficient way to generate differentpilot signals is to use shifts in the same basic sequence. Utilizingthis technique a mobile unit sequentially searches the whole sequenceand tunes to the offset or shift that produces the strongestcorrelation. In using this shift of the basic sequence, the shifts mustbe such that the pilots in adjacent cells or sectors must not interfereor cancel.

The pilot sequence must therefore be long enough that many differentsequences can be generated by shifts in the basic sequence to support alarge number of pilot signals in the system. Furthermore, the separationor shifts must be great enough to ensure that there is no interferencein pilot signals. Accordingly, in a exemplary embodiment of the presentinvention the pilot sequence length is chosen to be 2¹⁵. The sequence isgenerated started by a sequence 2¹⁵-1 with an extra 0 appended to thesequence when a particular state is detected. In the exemplaryembodiment there are chosen to be 512 different pilot signals withoffsets in the basic sequence of 64 chips. However, offsets may beinteger multiples of the 64 chip offset with a corresponding reductionin the number of different pilot signals.

In generating the pilot signal, the Walsh “zero” (W₀) sequence whichconsists of all zeroes is used so as to not modulate the pilot signal,which in essence is the PN_(I) and PN_(Q) sequences. The Walsh “zero”(W₀) sequence is therefore multiplied by the PN_(I) and PN_(Q) sequencesin exclusive-OR gates. The resulting pilot signal thus contains only thePN_(I) and PN_(Q) sequences. With all cell-sites and sectors having thesame PN sequence for the pilot signal, the distinguishing featurebetween cell-sites or sectors of origination of the transmission is thephase of the sequence.

With respect to the portion of transmit modulator and power controlcircuitry 66 for the pilot channel, Walsh generator (W₀) 200 generates asignal corresponding to the all zero function as just discussed. Thetiming in the generation of the Walsh function is provided by thecontrol processor, as in the case of all Walsh function generators inthe cell-site and mobile unit. The output of generator 200 is providedas an input to both of exclusive-OR gates 202 and 204. The other inputof exclusive-OR gate 202 receives the PN_(I) signal while the otherinput of exclusive-OR gate 204 receives the PN_(Q) signal. The PN_(I)and PN_(Q) signals are respectively exclusive-OR'ed with the output ofgenerator 200 and respectively provided as inputs to Finite ImpulseResponse (FIR) filters 206 and 208. The filtered signals output from FIRfilters 206 and 208 provided to a transmit power control circuitrycomprised of gain control elements 210 and 212. The signals provided togain control elements 210 and 212 are gain controlled in response toinput signals (not shown) from the control processor. The signals outputfrom gain control elements are provided to transmit power amplifiercircuitry 58 whose detailed structure and function is described laterherein.

The sync channel information is encoded and then multiplied inexclusive-OR gates by a preassigned Walsh sequence. In the exemplaryembodiment, the selected Walsh function is the (W₃₂) sequence whichconsists of a sequence of 32 “ones” followed by 32 “zeros”. Theresulting sequence is then multiplied by the PN_(I) and PN_(Q) sequencesin exclusive-OR gates.

In the exemplary embodiment the sync channel data information isprovided to the transmit modulator typically at a rate of 1200 bps. Inthe exemplary embodiment the sync channel data is preferablyconvolutionally encoded at a rate r=½ with a constraint length K=9, witheach code symbol repeated twice. This encoding rate and constraintlength is common to all encoded forward link channels, i.e. sync, pagingand voice. In an exemplary embodiment, a shift register structure isemployed for the generators of the code G₁=753 (octal) and G₂=561(octal). The symbol rate to the sync channel is in the exemplaryembodiment 4800 sps, i.e. one symbol is 208 μsec or 256 PN chips.

The code symbols are interleaved by means of a convolutional interleaverspanning in the exemplary embodiment 40 msec. The tentative parametersof the interleaver are I=16 and J=48. Further details on interleaving isfound in Data Communication, Networks and Systems, Howard W. Sams & Co.,1987, pp. 343-352. The effect of the convolutional interleaver is todisperse unreliable channel symbols such that any two symbols in acontiguous sequence of I−1 or fewer symbols are separated by at leastJ+1 symbols in a deinterleaver output. Equivalently, any two symbols ina contiguous sequence of J−1 symbols are separated by at least I+1symbols at the deinterleaver output. In other words, if I=16 and J=48,in a string of 15 symbols, the symbols are transmitted separated by 885μsec, thus providing time diversity.

The sync channel symbols of a particular cell or sector are tied to thecorresponding pilot signal for that cell or sector. FIG. 5 illustratesthe timing of two different pilot channels (N) and (N+1) which areseparated by a shift of 64 chips. FIG. 5 illustrates only by way ofexample a timing diagram for the exemplary pilot and sync channels withthe state of the actual pilot signal chips and sync channel symbols notillustrated. Each sync channel starts a new interleaver cycle with thefirst code symbol (c_(x)) of a code symbol pair (c_(x), c′_(x)), due toa code repeat of two, shifted with respect to absolute time by an amountequal to the corresponding pilot.

As illustrated in FIG. 5, The N pilot channel starts a new interleavercycle, or pilot sync, at the time t_(x). Similarly, the N+1 pilotchannel starts a new interleaver cycle or pilot sync at the time t_(y)which occurs 64 chip later in time than time t_(x). The pilot cycle inthe exemplary embodiment is 26.67 msec long, which corresponds to 128sync channel code symbols or 32 sync channel information bits. The syncchannel symbols are interleaved by a convolutional interleaver whichspans 26.67 msec. Thus, when the mobile unit has acquired the pilotsignal, it has immediate sync channel interleaver synchronization.

The sync channel symbols are covered by the preassigned Walsh sequenceto provide orthogonality in the signal. In the sync channel, one codesymbol spans four cover sequences, i.e. one code symbol to fourrepetitions of the “32 one“−”32 zero” sequence, as illustrated in FIG.6. As illustrated in FIG. 6, a single logical “one” represents theoccurrence of 32 “one” Walsh chips while a single logical “zero”represents the occurrence of 32 “zero” Walsh chips. Orthogonality in thesync channel is still maintained even though the sync channel symbolsare skewed with respect to absolute time depending upon the associatedpilot channel because sync channel shifts are integer multiples of theWalsh frame.

The sync channel messages in the exemplary embodiment are variable inlength. The length of the message is an integer multiple of 80 msecwhich corresponds to 3 pilot cycles. Included with the sync channelinformation bits are cyclic redundancy check code (CRCC) bits for errordetection.

FIG. 7 illustrates in the form of a timing diagram the overall exemplarysystem timing. In the period of two seconds there are 75 pilot cycles.In FIG. 7, the N pilot and sync channels correspond to the sector orcell using the unshifted pilot such that the pilot and sync signalsalign exactly with UTC time. As such the pilot sync, i.e. initial state,aligns exactly with a common 1 pulse per second (pps) signal.

In all cases in which a shifted pilot is used, a PN phase offsetcorresponding to the pilot shift is introduced. In other words, pilotsync (initial state) and sync channel messages are skewed with respectto the 1 pps signals. The sync messages carry this phase offsetinformation so that the mobile unit can adjust its timing accordingly.

As soon as a sync channel message has been correctly received, themobile unit has the ability to immediately synchronize to either apaging channel or a voice channel. At pilot sync, corresponding to theend of each sync message, a new 40 msec interleaver cycle begins. Atthat time, the mobile unit starts deinterleaving the first code symbolof either a code repetition, or a (c_(x), c_(x+1)) pair, with decodersynchronization achieved. The deinterleaver write address is initializedto 0 and the read address is initialized to J, memory deinterleaversynchronization is achieved.

The sync channel messages carry information regarding the state of a42-bit long PN generator for the voice channel assigned for thecommunication with the mobile unit. This information is used at themobile unit digital data receivers to synchronize the corresponding PNgenerators. For example, in FIG. 7 the sync channel message N+1 containsa 42-bit field which is indicative of the state, state X, that thesector or cell voice channel corresponding long code PN generator willhave at a predetermined later time, such as 160 msec later. The mobileunit, after successfully decoding a sync channel message, loads at thecorrect instant of time the long code PN generator with the state X. Themobile unit long code PN generator is thus synchronized to permitdescrambling of the user intended messages.

With respect to the portion of transmit modulator and power controlcircuitry 66 for the sync channel, the sync channel information is inputfrom the control processor to encoder 214. The sync channel data in theexemplary embodiment is, as discussed above, convolutional encoded byencoder 214. Encoder 214 further provides repetition of the encodedsymbols, in the case of the sync channel the encoded symbols arerepeated. The symbols output from encoder 214 are provided tointerleaver 215 which provides convolutional interleaving of thesymbols. The interleaved symbols output from interleaver 215 areprovided as an input to exclusive-OR gate 216.

Walsh generator 218 generates a signal corresponding to the Walsh (W₃₂)sequence that is provided as the other input to exclusive-OR gate 216.The sync channel symbol stream and the Walsh (W₃₂) sequence areexclusive-OR'ed by exclusive-OR gate 216 with the result thereofprovided as an input to both of exclusive-OR gates 220 and 222.

The other input of exclusive-OR gate 220 receives the PN_(I) signalwhile the other input of exclusive-OR gate 222 receives the PN_(Q)signal. The PN_(I) and PN_(Q) signals are respectively exclusive-OR'edwith the output of exclusive-OR gate 218 and respectively provided asinputs to Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filters 224 and 226. Thefiltered signals output from FIR filters 224 and 226 provided to atransmit power control circuitry comprised of digital variable gaincontrol elements 228 and 230. The signals provided to gain controlelements 228 and 230 are digitally gain controlled in response to inputdigital signals (not shown) from the control processor. The signalsoutput from gain control elements 228 and 230 are provided to transmitpower amplifier circuitry 58.

The paging channel information is also encoded with repetition,interleaved and then multiplied by a preassigned Walsh sequence. Theresulting sequence is then multiplied by the PN_(I) and PN_(Q)sequences. The data rate of the paging channel for a particular sectoror cell is indicated in an assigned field in the sync channel message.Although the paging channel data rate is variable, it is in theexemplary embodiment fixed for each system at one of the followingexemplary data rates: 9.6, 4.8, 2.4 and 1.2 kbps.

With respect to the transmit modulator and power control circuitry ofthe paging channel, the paging channel information is input from thecontrol processor to encoder 232. Encoder 232 is in the exemplaryembodiment a convolutional encoder that also provides repetition of thesymbols according to the assigned data rate of the channel. The outputof encoder 232 is provided to interleaver 233 where the symbols areconvolutional interleaved. The output from interleaver 233 is providedas an input to exclusive-OR gate 234. Although the paging channel datarate will vary, the code symbol rate is kept constant at 19.2 ksps bycode repetition.

Walsh generator 236 generates a signal, corresponding to a preassignedWalsh sequence, that is provided as the other input to exclusive-OR gate234. The symbol data and Walsh sequence are exclusive-OR'ed byexclusive-OR gate 234 and provided as an input to both of exclusive-ORgates 238 and 240.

The other input of exclusive-OR gate 238 receives the PN_(I) signalwhile the other input of exclusive-OR gate 240 receives the PN_(Q)signal. The PN_(I) and PN_(Q) signals are respectively exclusive-OR'edwith the output of exclusive-OR gate 234 and respectively provided asinputs to Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filters 242 and 244. Thefiltered signals output from FIR filters 242 and 244 are provided to atransmit power control circuitry comprised of gain control elements 246and 248. The signals provided to gain control elements 246 and 248 aregain controlled in response to input signals (not shown) from thecontrol processor. The signals output from gain control elements areprovided to transmit power amplifier circuitry 58.

The data of each voice channel is also encoded with repetition,interleaved, scrambled, multiplied by its assigned Walsh sequence(W_(i)−W_(j)), and then multiplied by the PN_(I) and PN_(Q) sequences.The Walsh sequence to be used by a particular channel is assigned by thesystem controller at call setup time in the same manner as channels areassigned to calls in the analog FM cellular system. In the exemplaryembodiment illustrated herein, up to 61 different Walsh sequences areavailable for use by the voice channels.

In the exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the voice channelutilizes a variable data rate. The intent in using a variable data rateis to lower the data rate when there is no voice activity therebyreducing interference generated by this particular voice channel toother users. The vocoder envisioned to provide variable rate data isdisclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,414,796, entitled “VARIABLE RATE VOCODER”,also assigned to the assignee of the present invention. Such a vocoderproduces data at four different data rates based on voice activity on a20 msec frame basis. Exemplary data rates are 9.6 kbps, 4.8 kbps, 2.4kbps and 1.2 kbps. Although the data rate will vary on a 20 msec basis,the code symbol rate is kept constant by code repetition at 19.2 ksps.Accordingly, the code symbols are repeated 2, 4 and 8 times for therespective data rates 4.8 kbps, 2.4 kbps and 1.2 kbps.

Since the variable rate scheme is devised to reduce interference, thecode symbols at the lower rates will have lower energy. For example, forthe exemplary data rates of 9.6 kbps, 4.8 kbps, 2.4 kbps and 1.2 kbps,the code symbol energy (E_(S)) is respectively E_(b)/2, E_(b)/4, E_(b)/8and E_(b)/16 where E_(b) is the information bit energy for the 9.6 kbpstransmission rate.

The code symbols are interleaved by a convolutional interleaver suchthat code symbols with different energy levels will be scrambled by theoperation of the interleaver. In order to keep track of what energylevel a code symbol should have a label is attached to each symbolspecifying its data rate for scaling purposes. After orthogonal Walshcovering and PN spreading, the quadrature channels are digitallyfiltered by a Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filter. The FIR filter willreceive a signal corresponding to the symbol energy level in order toaccomplish energy scaling according to the data rate. The I and Qchannels will be scaled by factors of: 1, 1/√{square root over (2)}, ½,or ½√{square root over (2)}. In one implementation the vocoder wouldprovide a data rate label in the form of a 2-bit number to the FIRfilter for controlling the filter scaling coefficient.

In FIGS. 4 a-4 c, the circuitry of two exemplary voice channels, voicechannels (i) and (j) are illustrated. The voice channel (i) data isinput from an associated vocoder (not shown) to transmit modulator 54(FIG. 3). Transmit modulator 54 is comprised of encoder 250 _(i);interleaver 251 _(i); exclusive-OR gates 252 _(i), 255 _(i), 256 _(i)and 258 _(i); PN generator 253 _(i); and Walsh generator (W_(i)) 254_(i).

The voice channel (i) data is input to encoder 250 _(i) where in theexemplary embodiment it is convolutional encoded with code symbolrepetition according to the input data rate. The encoded data is thenprovided to interleaver 251 _(i) where, in the exemplary embodiment, itis convolutional interleaved. Interleaver 251 _(i) also receives fromthe vocoder associated with the voice channel (i) a 2-bit data ratelabel that is interleaved with the symbol data to identify at the datarate to the FIR filters. The data rate label is not transmitted. At themobile unit, the decoder checks for all possible codes. The interleavedsymbol data is output from interleaver 251 _(i) at an exemplary rate of19.2 ksps to an input of exclusive-OR gate 255 _(i).

In the exemplary embodiment, each voice channel signal is scrambled toprovide greater security in cell-to-mobile transmissions. Although suchscrambling is not required it does enhance the security incommunications. For example, scrambling of the voice channel signals maybe accomplished by PN coding the voice channel signals with a PN codedetermined by the mobile unit address of user ID. Such scrambling mayuse the PN_(U) sequence or encryption scheme as discussed with referenceto FIG. 3 with respect to the particular receiver for the mobile-to-cellcommunications. Accordingly, a separate PN generator may be implementedfor this function as illustrated in FIG. 4 a. Although scrambling isdiscussed with reference to a PN sequence, scrambling may beaccomplished by other techniques including those well known in the art.

Referring again to FIGS. 4 a-4 c, scrambling of the voice channel (i)signal may be accomplished by providing PN generator 253 _(i) whichreceives the assigned mobile unit address from the control processor. PNgenerator 253 _(i) generates a unique PN code that is provided as theother input to exclusive-OR gate 255 _(i). The output of exclusive-ORgate 255 _(i) is provided to the one input of exclusive-OR gate 252_(i).

Walsh generator (W_(i)) 254 _(i) generates, in response to a functionselect signal and timing signals from the control processor, a signalcorresponding to a preassigned Walsh sequence. The value of the functionselect signal may be determined by the address of the mobile unit. TheWalsh sequence signal is provided as the other input to exclusive-ORgate 252 _(i). The scrambled symbol data and Walsh sequence areexclusive-OR'ed by exclusive-OR gate 252 _(i) with the result providedas an input to both of exclusive-OR gates 256 _(i) and 258 _(i). PNgenerator 253 _(i) along with all other PN generators and Walshgenerators at the cell-site provide an output at 1.2288 MHz. It shouldbe noted that PN generator 253 includes a decimator which provides anoutput at a 19.2 kHz rate to exclusive-OR gate 255 _(i).

The other input of exclusive-OR gate 256 _(i) receives the PN_(I) signalwhile the other input of exclusive-OR gate 258 _(i) receives the PN_(Q)signal. The PN_(I) and PN_(Q) signals are respectively exclusive-OR'edwith the output of exclusive-OR gate 252 _(i) and respectively providedas inputs to Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filters 260 _(i) and 262_(i). The input symbols are filtered according to the input data ratelabel (not shown) from convolutional interleaver 251 _(i). The filteredsignals output from FIR filters 260 _(i) and 262 _(i) are provided to aportion of transmit power control circuitry 56 comprised of gain controlelements 264 _(i) and 266 _(i). The signals provided to gain controlelements 264 _(i) and 266 _(i) are gain controlled in response to inputsignals (not shown) from the control processor. The signals output fromgain control elements are provided to transmit power amplifier circuitry58.

In addition to voice bits, the forward link voice channel carries powercontrol information. The power control bit rate is in the exemplaryembodiment 800 bps. The cell-site receiver which is demodulating themobile-to-cell signal from a given mobile, generates the power controlinformation which is inserted in the cell-to-mobile voice channeladdressed to that particular mobile. Further details on the powercontrol feature is disclosed in the above identified copendingapplication.

Power control bits are inserted at the output of the convolutionalinterleaver by means of a technique called code symbol puncturing. Inother words, whenever a power control bit needs to be transmitted twocode symbols are replaced by two identical code symbols with polaritygiven by the power control information. Moreover, power control bits aretransmitted at the energy level corresponding to the 9600 bps bit rate.

An additional constraint imposed on the power control information streamis that the position of the bits must be randomized among mobile-to-cellchannels. Otherwise the full energy power control bits would generatespikes of interference at regular intervals, thus diminishing thedetectability of such bits.

FIGS. 4 a-4 c further illustrate voice channel (j) which is identical infunction and structure to that of voice channel (i). It is contemplatedthat there exist many more voice channels (not illustrated) with thetotal of voice channel being up to 61 for the illustrated embodiment.

With respect to the Walsh generators of FIGS. 4 a-4 c, Walsh functionsare a set of orthogonal binary sequences that can be easily generated bymeans well known in the art. The characteristic of interest in the Walshfunction is that each of the 64 sequences is perfectly orthogonal to allof the other sequences. As such, any pair of sequences differ in exactlyas many bit positions as they agree, i.e. 32 over an interval of 64symbols. Thus when information is encoded for transmission by the Walshsequences the receiver will be able to select any one of the Walshsequences as a desired “carrier” signal. Any signal energy encoded ontothe other Walsh sequences will be rejected and not result in mutualinterference to the desired one Walsh sequence.

In the exemplary embodiment for the cell-to-mobile link, the sync,paging and voice channels as mentioned previously use convolutionalencoding of a constraint length K=9 and code rate r=½, that is, twoencoded symbols are produced and transmitted for every information bitto be transmitted. In addition to the convolutional encoding,convolutional interleaving of symbol data is further employed. It isfurther envisioned that repetition is also utilized in conjunction withthe convolutional encoding. At the mobile unit the optimum decoder forthis type of code is the soft decision Viterbi algorithm decoder. Astandard design can be used for decoding purposes. The resulting decodedinformation bits are passed to the mobile unit digital basebandequipment.

Referring again to FIGS. 4 a-4 c, circuitry 58 includes series ofdigital to analog (D/A) converters for converting the digitalinformation from the PN_(I) and PN_(Q) spread data for the pilot, sync,paging and voice channels to analog form. In particular the pilotchannel PN_(I) spread data is output from gain control element 210 toD/A converter 268. The digitized data is output from D/A converter 268to an summer 284. Similarly, the output of the corresponding gaincontrol elements for the sync, paging and voice channels PN_(I) spreaddata, i.e. gain control elements 228, 246, and 264 _(i)-264 _(j), arerespectively provided to D/A converters 272, 276 and 280 i-280 j wherethe signals are digitized and provided to summer 284. The PN_(Q) spreaddata for the pilot, sync, paging and voice channels are output from gaincontrol elements 212, 230, 248, and 266 _(i)-266 _(j), are respectivelyprovided to D/A converters 270, 274, 278 and 282 _(i)-282 _(j) where thesignals are digitized and provided to summer 286.

Summer 284 sums the PN_(I) spread data for the pilot, sync, paging andvoice channels and while summer 286 sums the PN_(Q) spread data for thesame channels. The summed I and Q channel data is respectively inputalong with local oscillator (LO) frequency signals Sin(2πft) andCos(2πft) to mixers 288 and 290 where they are mixed and provided tosummer 292. The LO frequency signals Sin(2πft) and Cos(2πft) areprovided from suitable frequency sources (not shown). These mixed IFsignals are summed in summer 292 and provided to mixer 294.

Mixer 294 mixes the summed signal with an RF frequency signal providedby frequency synthesizer 296 so as to provide frequency upconversion tothe RF frequency band. The RF signal output from mixer 294 is bandpassfiltered by bandpass filter 298 and output to RF amplifier 299.Amplifier 299 amplifies the band limited signal in accordance with theinput gain control signal from the transmit power control circuitry 56(FIG. 3). It should be understood that the embodiment illustrated fortransmit power amplifier circuitry 58 is merely for purposes ofillustration with many variations in signal summing, mixing, filteringand amplification possible as is well known in the art.

Cell-site control processor 48 (FIG. 3) has the responsibility forassignment of digital data receivers and transmit modulators to aparticular call. Control processor 48 also monitors the progress of thecall, quality of the signals and initiates teardown on loss of signal.The cell-site communicates with the MTSO via link 52 where it is coupledby a standard telephone wire, optical fiber, or microwave link.

FIG. 8 illustrates in block diagram form the equipment utilized in theMTSO. The MTSO typically includes a system controller or controlprocessor 300, digital switch 302, diversity combiner 304, digitalvocoder 306 and digital switch 308. Although not illustrated additionaldiversity combiners and digital vocoders are coupled between digitalswitches 302 and 308.

When the cell-diversity mode is active, the call is processed by twocell-sites. Accordingly, signals will arrive at the MTSO from more thanone cell-site with nominally the same information. However, because offading and interference on the inbound or reverse link from the mobileunit to the cell-sites, the signal from one cell-site may be of betterquality than the signal from the other cell-site.

Digital switch 302 is used in routing the information streamcorresponding to a given mobile unit from one or more cell-sites todiversity combiner 304 or the corresponding diversity combiner asdetermined by a signal from system control processor 300. When thesystem is not in the cell diversity mode, diversity combiner 304 may beeither bypassed or fed the same information on each input port.

A multiplicity of serial coupled diversity combiners and vocoder areprovided in parallel, nominally one for each call to be processed.Diversity combiner 304 compares the signal quality indicatorsaccompanying the information bits from the two or more cell-sitesignals. Diversity combiner 304 selects the bits corresponding to thehighest quality cell-site on a frame-by-frame basis of the informationfor output to vocoder 306.

Vocoder 306 converts the format of the digitized voice signal tostandard 64 Kbps PCM telephone format, analog, or any other standardformat. The resultant signals is transmitted from vocoder 306 to digitalswitch 308. Under the control of system control processor 300, the callis routed to the PSTN.

Voice signals coming from the PSTN intended for the mobile units, areprovided to digital switch 308 for coupling to an appropriate digitalvocoder such as vocoder 306 under control of system control processor300. Vocoder 306 encodes the input digitized voice signals and providesthe resulting information bit stream directly to digital switch 302.Digital switch 302 under system control processor 300 directs theencoded data to the cell-site or cell-sites to which the mobile unit iscommunicating. Although discussed previously that informationtransmitted to the MTSO analog voice, it is further envisioned thatdigital information may also be communicated in the system. To ensurecompatibility with the system, care must be taken in proper framing ofthe data.

If the mobile unit is in a handoff mode communicating to multiplecell-sites or in a cell diversity mode, digital switch 302 routes thecalls to the appropriate cell-sites for transmission by the appropriatecell-site transmitter to the intended recipient mobile unit. However, ifthe mobile unit is communicating with only a single cell-site or not ina cell diversity mode, the signal is directed only to a singlecell-site.

System control processor 300 provides control over digital switches 302and 306 for routing data to and from the MTSO. System control processor300 also determines the assignment of calls to the cell-sites and to thevocoders at the MTSO. Furthermore, system control processor 300communicates with each cell-site control processor about the assignmentof particular calls between the MTSO and cell-site, and the assignmentof PN codes for the calls. It should be further understood that asillustrated in FIG. 8 digital switches 302 and 306 are illustrated astwo separate switches, however, this function may be performed by asingle physical switching unit.

When the cell-diversity mode is in use, the mobile unit will use thesearcher receiver to identify and acquire the strongest multipath signalfrom each of the two cell-sites. The digital data receivers will becontrolled by the searcher receiver and the control processor so as todemodulate the strongest signals. When the number of receivers is lessthan the number of cell-sites transmitting information in parallel, aswitching diversity capability is possible. For example, with only asingle data receiver and with two cell-sites transmitting, the searcherwill monitor the pilots from both cell-sites and choose the strongestsignal for the receiver to demodulate. In this embodiment the choice canbe made as frequently as every vocoder frame, or about every 20 msec.

The system control processor has responsibility for assignment ofdigital data receivers and modulators at the cell-site to handleparticular calls. Thus in the cell-to-mobile link, the system controlprocessor controls the assignment of Walsh sequences used at thecell-site in transmission of a particular call to the mobile unit. Inaddition the system control processor controls the receiver Walshsequences and PN codes. In the mobile-to-cell link, the system controlprocessor also controls the mobile unit user PN codes for the call.Assignment information is therefore transmitted from the MTSO to thecell-site and from there to the cell to the mobile. The system controlprocessor also monitors the progress of the call, the quality ofsignals, and initiates tear down on loss of signal.

Mobile-to Cell Link

In the mobile-to-cell link, the channel characteristics dictate that themodulation technique be modified. In particular, the use of a pilotcarrier as is used in the cell-to-mobile link is no longer feasible. Thepilot carrier must be more powerful than a voice carrier in order toprovide a good phase reference for data modulation. With the cell-sitetransmitting many simultaneous voice carriers, a single pilot signal canbe shared by all the voice carriers. Therefore, the pilot signal powerper voice carrier is quite small.

In the mobile-to-cell link, however, there is usually only a singlevoice carrier per mobile. If a pilot were used, it would requiresignificantly more power than the voice carrier. This situation isclearly not desirable since overall system capacity would be greatlyreduced due to the interference caused by the presence of a largernumber of high power pilot signals. Therefore, a modulation capable ofefficient demodulation without a pilot signal must be used.

With the mobile-to-cell channel corrupted by Rayleigh fading, resultingin a rapidly varying channel phase, coherent demodulator techniques,such as a Costas loop which derives phase from the received signal, arenot feasible. Other techniques such as differentially coherent PSK canbe employed but fail to provide the desired level of signal-to-noiseratio performance.

Thus, a form of orthogonal signaling such as binary, quaternary or m-arysignaling should be employed. In the exemplary embodiment, a 64-aryorthogonal signaling technique is employed using Walsh functions. Thedemodulator for m-ary orthogonal signaling requires channel coherenceonly over the duration of transmission of the m-ary symbol. In theexemplary embodiment, this is only two bit times.

The message encoding and modulation process begins with a convolutionalencoder of constraint length K=9 and code rate r=⅓. At a nominal datarate of 9600 bits per second, the encoder produces 28800 binary symbolsper second. These are grouped into characters containing 6 symbols eachat a rate of 4800 characters per second with there being 64 possiblecharacters. Each character is encoded into a length 64 Walsh sequencecontaining 64 binary bits or “chips.” The 64-ary Walsh chip rate is307,200 chips per second in the exemplary embodiment.

The Walsh chips are then “covered” or multiplied by a PN sequencerunning at the rate of 1.2288 MHz. Each mobile unit is assigned a uniquePN sequence for this purpose. This PN sequence can either be assignedonly for the duration of the call or assigned permanently to the mobileunit. The assigned PN sequence is referred to herein as the user PNsequence. The user PN sequence generator runs at a clock rate of 1.2288MHz and so as to produce four PN chips for every Walsh chip.

Finally, a pair of short, length 32768, PN sequences are generated. Inthe exemplary embodiment, the same sequences are used as for thecell-to-mobile link. The user PN sequence covered Walsh chip sequence isthen covered or multiplied by each of the two short PN sequences. Thetwo resulting sequences then bi-phase modulate a quadrature pair ofsinusoids and are summed into a single signal. The resulting signal isthen bandpass filtered, translated to the final RF frequency, amplified,filtered and radiated by the antenna of the mobile unit. As wasdiscussed with reference to the cell-to-mobile signal, the ordering ofthe filtering, amplification, translation and modulation operations maybe interchanged.

In an alternative embodiment, two different phases of the user PN codemight be produced and used to modulate the two carrier phases of thequadraphase waveform, dispensing with the need for using the length32768 sequences. In yet another alternative, the mobile-to-cell linkmight utilize only bi-phase modulation, also dispensing with the needfor the short sequences.

The cell-site receiver for each signal produces the short PN sequencesand the user PN sequence for each active mobile signal being received.The receiver correlates the received signal energy with each of thecoded waveforms in separate correlators. Each of the correlator outputsis then separately processed to demodulate the 64-ary encoding and theconvolutional coding using a Fast Hadamard Transform processor and aViterbi algorithm decoder.

In another alternative modulation scheme for the mobile-to-cell link,the same modulation scheme would be used as for the cell-to-mobile link.Each mobile would utilize the pair of 32768 length sector codes as outercodes. The inner code would utilize a length 64 Walsh sequence that isassigned to the mobile for use while it is in that sector. Nominally,the same Walsh sequence would be assigned to the mobile for themobile-to-cell link as is used for the cell-to-mobile link.

The above orthogonal PN coding scheme limits the available bandwidthspreading that can be used by the modulation system to a maximum rate ofthe chip rate divided by 64, or 19200 Hz for the numbers used in theexemplary embodiment. This would preclude the use of m-ary encoding withlarge m as described for the exemplary embodiment. As an alternative,however, a rate r=½, constraint length K=9 convolutional code could beused with differential binary phase shift keying modulation of theencoded binary symbols. The demodulator in the cell-site could build upa phase reference over a short interval using the technique described inthe article “Nonlinear Estimation of PSK-Modulated Carrier withApplication to Burst Digital Transmission”, Andrew J. Viterbi and AudreyM. Viterbi, IEEE Transactions On Information Theory, Vol IT-29, No. 4,July 1983. For example, a phase reference could be averaged over only 4symbols requiring no more channel coherence than the above 64-aryscheme.

The performance of the just described alternative scheme, however, willbe inferior to the preferred embodiment in the presence of severeRayleigh fading and multipath conditions. However, in certainenvironments where fading and multipath are less severe, for example,the satellite-mobile channel and in certain land-mobile channels, theperformance of the alternative system could be better than the preferredembodiment. This can occur because the gain from making the mobilesignals orthogonal to each other may exceed the loss in detectionefficiency of the DPSK scheme.

In order to satisfy the requirement for time alignment in orthogonalWalsh functions for the alternative mobile-to-cell link, each cellreceiver determines the time error from nominal timing of each receivedsignal. If a given received signal lags in timing, then the associatedcell modulator and transmitter will transmit a command to this mobile toadvance its transmit timing by a small increment. Conversely, if thereceived signal timing of a mobile leads the nominal timing, a commandto retard by a small increment is transmitted to the mobile. The timingadjustment increments are made on the order of ⅛ PN chip or 101.7nanoseconds. The commands are transmitted at a relatively low rate, onthe order of 10 to 50 Hz and consist of a single bit inserted into thedigital voice data flow.

During a soft handoff operation, the mobile unit will be receivingsignals from two or more cells. Because the mobile unit can only alignits timing in response to one of cells' timing adjust commands, themobile unit will normally move its timing in response to the commandsreceived from the strongest cell being received. The mobile unittransmitted signal will thus be in time alignment with the cell withwhich it has the best path. Otherwise greater mutual interference toother users will result.

If each cell receiver receiving a mobile signal performs the above timeerror measurement and correction transmission operation, then all themobiles' received signals will normally be received with approximatelythe same timing, resulting in reduced interference.

FIG. 9 illustrates in block diagram form an exemplary mobile unit CDMAtelephone set. The mobile unit CDMA telephone set includes an antenna430 which is coupled through diplexer 432 to analog receiver 434 andtransmit power amplifier 436. Antenna 430 and diplexer 432 are ofstandard design and permit simultaneous transmission and receptionthrough a single antenna. Antenna 430 collects transmitted signals andprovides them through diplexer 432 to analog receiver 434. Receiver 434receives the RF frequency signals from diplexer 432 which are typicallyin the 850 MHz frequency band for amplification and frequencydownconversion to an IF frequency. This translation process isaccomplished using a frequency synthesizer of standard design whichpermits the receiver to be tuned to any of the frequencies within thereceive frequency band of the overall cellular telephone frequency band.The signals are also filtered and digitized for providing to digitaldata receivers 440 and 442 along with searcher receiver 444.

The details of receiver 434 are further illustrated in FIG. 10. Receivedsignals from antenna 430 are provided to downconverter 500 which iscomprised of RF amplifier 502 and mixer 504. The received signals areprovided as an input to RF amplifier 502 where they are amplified andoutput as an input to mixer 504. Mixer 504 is provided with anotherinput, that being the signal output from frequency synthesizer 506. Theamplified RF signals are translated in mixer 504 to an IF frequency bymixing with the frequency synthesizer output signal.

The IF signals are output from mixer 504 to bandpass filter (BPF) 508,typically a Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) filter having a passband ofapproximately 1.25 MHz, where they are from bandpass filtered. Thecharacteristics of the SAW filter are chosen to match the waveform ofthe signal transmitted by the cell-site. The cell-site transmittedsignal is a direct sequence spread spectrum signal that is modulated bya PN sequence clocked at a predetermined rate, which in the exemplaryembodiment is 1.2288 MHz. This clock rate is chosen to be an integermultiple of the baseband data rate of 9.6 kbps.

The filtered signals are output from BPF 508 as an input to a variablegain IF amplifier 510 where the signals are again amplified. Theamplified IF signals are output from IF amplifier 510 to analog todigital (A/D) converter 512 where the signals are digitized. Theconversion of the IF signal to a digital signal occurs at a 9.8304 MHzclock rate in the exemplary embodiment which is exactly eight times thePN chip rate. Although A/D converter 512 is illustrated as part ofreceiver 434, it could instead be a part of the data and searcherreceivers. The digitized IF signals are output from A/D converter 512 todata receivers 440 and 442, and searcher receiver 444.

Receiver 434 also performs a power control function for adjusting thetransmit power of the mobile unit. An automatic gain control (AGC)circuit 514 is also coupled to the output of IF amplifier 510. Inresponse to the level of the amplified IF signal, AGC circuit 514provides a feedback signal to the gain control input of IF amplifier510. Receiver 434 also uses AGC circuit 514 to generate an analog powercontrol signal that is provided to transmit power control circuitry 438.

In FIG. 9, the digitized signal output from receiver 434 is provided todigital data receivers 440 and 442 and to searcher receiver 444. Itshould be understood that an inexpensive, low performance mobile unitmight have only a single data receiver while higher performance unitsmay have two or more to allow diversity reception.

The digitized IF signal may contain the signals of many on-going callstogether with the pilot carriers transmitted by the current cell-siteand all neighboring cell-sites. The function of the receivers 440 and442 are to correlate the IF samples with the proper PN sequence. Thiscorrelation process provides a property that is well-known in the art as“processing gain” which enhances the signal-to-interference ratio of asignal matching the proper PN sequence while not enhancing othersignals. Correlation output is then synchronously detected using thepilot carrier from the closest cell-site as a carrier phase reference.The result of this detection process is a sequence of encoded datasymbols.

A property of the PN sequence as used in the present invention is thatdiscrimination is provided against multipath signals. When the signalarrives at the mobile receiver after passing through more than one path,there will be a difference in the reception time of the signal. Thisreception time difference corresponds to the difference in distancedivided by the velocity of propagation. If this time difference exceedsone microsecond, then the correlation process will discriminate betweenthe paths. The receiver can choose whether to track and receive theearlier or later path. If two receivers are provided, such as receivers440 and 442, then two independent paths can be tracked and processed inparallel.

Searcher receiver 444, under control of control processor 446 is forcontinuously scanning the time domain around the nominal time of areceived pilot signal of the cell-site for other multi-path pilotsignals from the same cell-site and for other cell-site transmittedpilot signals. Receiver 444 will measure the strength of any receptionof a desired waveform at times other than the nominal time. Receiver 444compares signal strength in the received signals. Receiver 444 providesa signal strength signal to control processor 446 indicative of thestrongest signals.

Processor 446 provides control signals to data receivers 440 and 442 foreach to process a different one of the strongest signals. On occasionanother cell-site transmitted pilot signal is of greater signal strengththan the current cell-site signal strength. Control processor 446 thenwould generate a control message for transmission to the systemcontroller via the current cell-site requesting a transfer of the cellto the cell-site corresponding to the strongest pilot signal. Receivers440 and 442 may therefore handle calls through two different cell-sites.

During a soft handoff operation, the mobile unit will be receivingsignals from two or more cells. Because the mobile unit can only alignits timing in response to one of cells' timing adjust commands, themobile unit will normally move its timing in response to the commandsreceived from the strongest cell being received. The mobile unittransmitted signal will thus be in time alignment with the cell withwhich it has the best path. Otherwise greater mutual interference toother users will result.

Further details of an exemplary receiver, such as data receiver 440 isillustrated in further detail in FIG. 10. Data receiver 440 includes PNgenerators 516 and 518 which generate the PN_(I) and PN_(Q) sequences ina manner and corresponding to those generated by the cell-site. Timingand sequence control signals are provided to PN generators 516 and 518from control processor 446. Data receiver 440 also includes Walshgenerator 520 which provides the appropriate Walsh function forcommunication with this mobile unit by the cell-site. Walsh generator520 generates, in response to timing signals (not shown) and a functionselect signal from the control processor, a signal corresponding to anassigned Walsh sequence. The function select signal is transmitted tothe mobile unit by the cell-site as part of the call set up message. ThePN_(I) and PN_(Q) sequences output from PN generators 516 and 518 arerespectively input to exclusive-OR gates 522 and 524. Walsh generator520 provides its output to both of exclusive-OR gates 522 and 524 wherethe signals are exclusive-OR'ed and output the sequences PN_(I)′ andPN_(Q)′.

The sequences PN_(I)′ and PN_(Q)′ are provided to receiver 440 wherethey are input to PN QPSK correlator 526. PN correlator 526 may beconstructed in a manner similar to the PN correlator of the cell-sitedigital receivers. PN correlator 526 correlates the received I and Qchannel data with the PN_(I)′ and PN_(Q)′ sequences and providescorrelated I and Q channel data output to corresponding accumulators 528and 530. Accumulators 528 and 530 accumulate the input information overa period of one symbol or 64 chips. The accumulator outputs are providedto phase rotator 532 which also receives a pilot phase signal fromcontrol processor 446. The phase of the received symbol data is rotatedin accordance with the phase of the pilot signal as determined by thesearcher receiver and the control processor. The output from phaserotator 532 is the I channel data which is provided to the deinterleaverand decoder circuitry.

Control processor 446 also includes PN generator 534 which generates theuser PN sequence in response to an input mobile unit address or user ID.The PN sequence output from PN generator 534 is provided to diversitycombiner and decoder circuitry. Since the cell-to-mobile signal isscrambled with the mobile user address PN sequence, the output from PNgenerator 534 is used in descrambling the cell-site transmitted signalintended for this mobile user similar to that as in the cell-sitereceiver. PN generator 534 specifically provides the output PN sequenceto the deinterleaver and decoder circuitry where it is used todescramble the scrambled user data. Although scrambling is discussedwith reference to a PN sequence, it is envisioned that other scramblingtechniques including those well known in the art may be utilized.

The outputs of receivers 440 and 442 are thus provided to diversitycombiner and decoder circuitry 448. The diversity combiner circuitrycontained within circuitry 448 simply adjusts the timing of the twostreams of received symbols into alignment and adds them together. Thisaddition process may be proceeded by multiplying the two streams by anumber corresponding to the relative signal strengths of the twostreams. This operation can be considered a maximal ratio diversitycombiner. The resulting combined signal stream is then decoded using aforward error detection (FEC) decoder also contained within circuitry448. The usual digital baseband equipment is a digital vocoder system.The CDMA system is designed to accommodate a variety of differentvocoder designs.

Baseband circuitry 450 typically includes a digital vocoder (not shown)which may be a variable rate type as disclosed in the previouslymentioned copending patent application. Baseband circuitry 450 furtherserves as an interface with a handset or any other type of peripheraldevice. Baseband circuitry 450 accommodates a variety of differentvocoder designs. Baseband circuitry 450 provides output informationsignals to the user in accordance with the information provided theretofrom circuitry 448.

In the mobile-to-cell link, user analog voice signals are typicallyprovided through a handset as an input to baseband circuitry 450.Baseband circuitry 450 includes an analog to digital (A/D) converter(not shown) which converts the analog signal to digital form. Thedigital signal is provided to the digital vocoder where it is encoded.The vocoder output is provided to a forward error correction (FEC)encoding circuit (not shown) for error correction. In the exemplaryembodiment the error correction encoding implemented is of aconvolutional encoding scheme. The digitized encoded signal is outputfrom baseband circuitry 450 to transmit modulator 452.

Transmit modulator 452 first Walsh encodes the transmit data and thenmodulates the encoded signal on a PN carrier signal whose PN sequence ischosen according to the assigned address function for the call. The PNsequence is determined by control processor 446 from call setupinformation that is transmitted by the cell-site and decoded byreceivers 440 and 442 and control processor 446. In the alternative,control processor 446 may determine the PN sequence throughprearrangement with the cell-site. Control processor 446 provides the PNsequence information to transmit modulator 452 and to receivers 440 and442 for call decoding.

The output of transmit modulator 452 is provided to transmit powercontrol circuitry 438. Signal transmission power is controlled by theanalog power control signal provided from receiver 434. Control bitstransmitted by the cell-sites in the form of power adjustment commandsare processed by data receivers 440 and 442. The power adjustmentcommands are used by control processor 446 in setting the power level inmobile unit transmission. In response to these commands, controlprocessor 446 generates a digital power control signal that is providedto circuitry 438. Further information on the relationship of receivers440 and 442, control processor 446 and transmit power control 438 withrespect to power control is further described in the above-mentionedU.S. Pat. No. 5,056,109.

Transmit power control circuitry 438 outputs the power controlledmodulated signal to transmit power amplifier circuitry 436. Circuitry436 amplifies and converts the IF signal to an RF frequency by mixingwith a frequency synthesizer output signal which tunes the signal to theproper output frequency. Circuitry 436 includes an amplifier whichamplifies the power to a final output level. The intended transmissionsignal is output from circuitry 436 to diplexer 432. Diplexer 432couples the signal to antenna 340 for transmission to the cell-sites.

Control processor 446 also is capable of generating control messagessuch as cell-diversity mode requests and cell-site communicationtermination commands. These commands are provided to transmit modulator452 for transmission. Control processor 446 is responsive to the datareceived from data receivers 440 and 442, and search receiver 444 formaking decisions relative to handoff and diversity combining.

With respect to transmission by the mobile unit, the mobile user analogvoice signal is first passed through a digital vocoder. The vocoderoutput is then, in sequence, convolutional forward error correction(FEC) encoded, 64-ary orthogonal sequence encoded and modulated on a PNcarrier signal. The 64-ary orthogonal sequence is generated by a Walshfunction encoder. The encoder is controlled by collecting six successivebinary symbol outputs from the convolutional FEC encoder. The six binarycollectively determine which of the 64 possible Walsh sequences will betransmitted. The Walsh sequence is 64 bits long. Thus, the Walsh “chip”rate must be 9600*3* (⅙)*64=307200 Hz for a 9600 bps data transmissionrate.

In the mobile-to-cell link, a common short PN sequence is used for allvoice carriers in the system, while user address encoding is done usingthe user PN sequence generator. The user PN sequence is uniquelyassigned to the mobile for at least the duration of the call. The userPN sequence is exclusive-OR'ed with the common PN sequences, which arelength 32768 augmented maximal-length linear shift register sequences.The resulting binary signals then each bi-phase modulate a quadraturecarrier, are summed to form a composite signal, are bandpass filtered,and translated to an IF frequency output. In the exemplary embodiment, aportion of the filtering process is actually carried out by a finiteimpulse response (FIR) digital filter operating on the binary sequenceoutput.

The modulator output is then power controlled by signals from thedigital control processor and the analog receiver, converted to the RFfrequency of operation by mixing with a frequency synthesizer whichtunes the signal to proper output frequency, and then amplified to thefinal output level. The transmit signal is then passed on to thediplexer and the antenna.

FIG. 11 illustrates a preferred, but yet exemplary, embodiment of mobileunit transmit modulator 452. Data is provided in digital form from theuser digital baseband circuitry to encoder 600 where in the exemplaryembodiment is convolutionally encoded. The output of encoder 600 isprovided to interleaver 602 which in the exemplary embodiment is a blockinterleaver. The interleaved symbols are output from block interleaver602 to Walsh encoder 604 of transmit modulator 452. Walsh encoder 604utilizes the input symbols to generate a code sequence output. The Walshsequence is provided to one input of exclusive-OR gate 606.

Transmit modulator 452 further includes PN generator 608 which receivesthe mobile unit address as an input in determining the output PNsequence. PN generator 608 generates the user specific 42-bit sequenceas was discussed with reference to FIGS. 3 and 4 a-4 c. A furtherattribute of PN generator 608 that is common to all user PN generatorsand not previously discussed is the use of a masking technique ingenerating the output user PN sequence. For example, a 42-bit mask isprovided for that user with each bit of the 42-bit mask exclusive-OR'edwith a bit output from each register of the series of shift registerthat form the PN generator. The results of the mask and shift registerbit exclusive-OR operation are then exclusive-OR'ed together to form thePN generator output that is used as the user PN sequence. The output PNsequence of PN generator 608, the sequence PN_(U), is input toexclusive-OR gate 606. The Walsh symbol data and the PN_(U) sequence areexclusive-OR'ed in exclusive-OR gate 606 and provided as in input toboth of exclusive-OR gates 610 and 612.

Transmit modulator 452 further includes PN generators 614 and 616 whichrespectively generate PN_(I) and PN_(Q) sequences. All mobile units usethe same PN_(I) and PN_(Q) sequences. These PN sequences are in theexemplary embodiment the zero-shift used in the cell-to-mobilecommunications. The other input of exclusive-OR gates 610 and 612 arerespectively provided with the PN_(I) and PN_(Q) sequences output fromPN generators 614 and 616. The sequences PN_(I) and PN_(Q) areexclusive-OR'ed in the respective exclusive-OR gates with the outputprovided to transmit power control 438 (FIG. 9).

In the exemplary embodiment, the mobile-to-cell link uses rate r=⅓convolutional code with constraint length K=9. The generators for thecode are G₁=557 (octal), G₂=663 (octal), and G₃=711 (octal). Similar tothe cell-to-mobile link, code repetition is used to accommodate the fourdifferent data rates that the vocoder produces on a 20 msec frame basis.Unlike the cell-to-mobile link, the repeated code symbols are nottransmitted over the air at lower energy levels, rather only one codesymbol of a repetition group is transmitted at the nominal power level.In conclusion, the code repetition in the exemplary embodiment is usedmerely as an expedient to fit the variable data rate scheme in theinterleaving and modulation structure as it will be shown in thefollowing paragraphs.

A block interleaver spanning 20 msec, exactly one vocoder frame, is usedin the mobile-to-cell link. The number of code symbols in 20 msec,assuming a data rate of 9600 bps and a code rate r=⅓, is 576. The N andB parameters, N is equal to the number of rows and B to the number ofcolumns of the interleaver array are 32 and 18, respectively. The codesymbols are written into the interleaver memory array by rows and readout by columns.

The modulation format is 64-ary orthogonal signaling. In other words,interleaved code symbols are grouped into groups of six to select oneout of 64 orthogonal waveforms. The 64 time orthogonal waveforms are thesame Walsh functions used as cover sequences in the cell-to-mobile link.

The data modulation time interval is equal to 208.33 μsec, and isreferred to as a Walsh symbol interval. At 9600 bps, 208.33 μseccorresponds to 2 information bits and equivalently to 6 code symbols ata code symbol rate equal to 28800 sps. The Walsh symbol interval issubdivided into 64 equal length time intervals, referred to as Walshchips, each lasting 208.33/64=3.25 μsec. The Walsh chip rate is then1/3.25μsec=307.2 kHz. Since the PN spreading rate is symmetric in thetwo links, i.e. 1.2288 MHz, there are exactly 4 PN chips per Walsh chip.

A total of three PN generators are used in the mobile-to-cell link path.The user specific 42-bit PN generator and the pair of 15-bit I and Qchannel PN generators. Following the user specific spreading operation,the signal is QPSK spread as it was done in the cell-to-mobile link.Unlike the cell-to-mobile link, where each sector or cell was identifiedby unique sequences of length 2¹⁵, here all mobile units use the same Iand Q PN sequences. These PN sequences are the zero-shift sequences usedin the cell-to-mobile link, also referred to as the pilot sequences.

Code repetition and energy scaling are used in the cell-to-mobile linkto accommodate the variable rates produced by the vocoder. Themobile-to-cell link uses a different scheme based on a bursttransmission.

The vocoder produces four different data rates, i.e. 9600, 4800, 2400,and 1200 bps, on a 20 msec frame basis as in the cell-to-mobile link.The information bits are encoded by the rate r=⅓ convolutional encoderand code symbols are repeated 2, 4, and 8 times at the three lower datarates. Thus, the code symbol rate is kept constant at 28800 sps.Following the encoder, the code symbols are interleaved by the blockinterleaver which spans exactly one vocoder frame or 20 msec. A total of576 code symbols are generated every 20 msec by the convolutionalencoder, some of which might be repeated symbols.

The code symbols sequence as it is transmitted is shown in FIG. 12.Notice that a vocoder frame, 20 msec, has been subdivided into 16 slotseach lasting 1.25 msec. The numerology of the mobile-to-cell link issuch that in each slot there are 36 code symbols at the 28800 sps rateor equivalently 6 Walsh symbols at the 4800 sps rate. At the ½ rate,i.e. 4800 bps, the slots are grouped into 8 groups each comprising 2slots. At the ¼ rate, i.e. 2400 bps, the slots are grouped into 4 groupseach comprising 4 slots, and finally at the ⅛ rate, i.e. 1200 bps, theslots are grouped into 2 groups each comprising 8 slots.

An exemplary symbol burst transmission pattern is further illustrated inFIG. 12. For example, at the ¼ rate, i.e. 2400 bps, during the fourthslot of the first group the fourth and eighth row of the interleavermemory array are read out by columns and sequentially transmitted. Theslot position for the transmitted data must be randomized in order toreduce the interference.

The mobile-to-cell link timing is illustrated in FIG. 13. FIG. 13expands upon the timing diagram of FIG. 7 to include the mobile-to-cellchannels, i.e. voice and access. The synchronization of themobile-to-cell link comprises the following steps:

1. Decode successfully a sync message, i.e. CRC check;

2. Load long PN shift register with state received in the sync message;and

3. Compensate for pilot code phase offset if receiving from a sectorwhich uses a shifted pilot.

At this point the mobile has complete synchronization, i.e. PNsynchronization and real time synchronization, and can begin to transmiton either the access channel or voice channel.

The mobile unit in order to originate a call must be provided withsignaling attributes in order to complete a call to another system uservia a cell-site. In the mobile-to-cell link the envisioned accesstechnique is the slotted ALOHA. An exemplary transmission bit rate onthe reverse channel is 4800 bps. An access channel packet comprises of apreamble followed by the information.

The preamble length is in the exemplary embodiment an integer multipleof 20 msec frames and is a sector/cell parameter which the mobilereceives in one of the paging channel messages. Since the cell receiversuse the preambles to resolve propagation delays this scheme allows thepreamble length to vary based on the cell radius. The users PN code forthe access channel is either prearranged or transmitted to the mobileunits on the paging channel.

The modulation is fixed and constant for the duration of the preamble.The orthogonal waveform used in the preamble is W₀, i.e. the all zeroWalsh function. Notice that an all zero pattern at the input of theconvolutional encoder generates the desired waveform W₀.

An access channel data packet may consist of one or at most two 20 msecframes. The coding, interleaving, and modulation of the access channelis exactly the same as for a voice channel at the 9600 bps rate. In anexemplary embodiment, the sector/cell requires the mobile units totransmit a 40 msec preamble and the access channel message type requiresone data frame. Let N_(P) be the number of preamble frames where k isthe number of 20 msec elapsed from a predefined time origin. Thenmobiles are allowed to initiate transmission on the access channel onlywhen the equation: (k, N_(P)+2)=0 is true.

With respect to other communications applications it may be desirable torearrange the various elements of the error correction coding, theorthogonal sequence coding and the PN coding to better fit theapplication.

For example, in satellite mobile communications where the signals arerelayed between large Hub earth stations and the mobile terminals by oneor more earth orbiting satellites, it may be desirable to employcoherent modulation and demodulation techniques in both directions ofthe link because the channel is much more phase coherent than theterrestrial mobile channel. In such an application, the mobile modulatorwould not utilize m-ary encoding as described above. Instead, bi-phaseor four-phase modulation of forward error correction symbols might beemployed with conventional coherent demodulation with carrier phaseextracted from the received signal using Costas loop techniques. Inaddition, the orthogonal Walsh function channelization such as hereindescribed for the cell-to-mobile link may be employed. As long as thechannel phase remains reasonably coherent, this modulation anddemodulation system provides operation with lower Eb/No than m-aryorthogonal signaling resulting in higher system capacity.

In another embodiment, it may be preferable to encode the speechwaveform directly into the RF waveform instead of utilizing a vocoderand FEC techniques. While the use of a vocoder and FEC techniques resultin very high link performance, the complexity of implementation is high,resulting in additional cost and in high power consumption. Thesedisadvantages may be especially unfavorable in a pocket portabletelephone where battery consumption and cost are important. In customarydigital telephone transmission practice, the speech waveform isrepresented in a digital format as 8 bit speech samples at a sample rateof 8 kHz. The CDMA system could encode the 8 bit samples directly intocarrier phase angles. This would eliminate the need for a vocoder or aFEC encoder/decoder. It would also require a somewhat highersignal-to-noise ratio for good performance, resulting in lower capacity.In another alternative, the 8 bit speech samples could be directlyencoded into carrier amplitudes. In yet another alternative, the speechwaveform samples could be encoded into carrier phases and amplitudes.

The previous description of the preferred embodiments is provided toenable any person skilled in the art to make or use the presentinvention. The various modifications to these embodiments will bereadily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principlesdefined herein may be applied to other embodiments without the use ofthe inventive faculty. Thus, the present invention is not intended to belimited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widestscope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosedherein.

1. A mobile unit, comprising: means for receiving a signal includingpower adjustment commands; first means for adjusting a power level of atransmit signal in response to the power adjustment commands; and secondmeans for adjusting the power level of the transmit signal in responseto a power level of the signal.
 2. The mobile unit of claim 1, whereinthe means for receiving comprises means for removing the poweradjustment commands from the signal, the power adjustment commandshaving been punctured into the signal.
 3. The mobile unit of claim 1,wherein the first means comprises a digital control signal.
 4. Themobile unit of claim 1, wherein the second means comprises an analogcontrol signal.
 5. A method of controlling a power level of a transmitsignal, comprising: receiving a signal including power adjustmentcommands; controlling a power level of a transmit signal in response tothe power adjustment commands; and adjusting the power level of thetransmit signal in response to a power level of the signal.
 6. Themethod of claim 5, wherein the receiving comprises removing the poweradjustment commands from the signal, the power adjustment commandshaving been punctured into the signal.
 7. The method of claim 5, whereinthe controlling comprises controlling with a digital control signal. 8.The method of claim 5, wherein the adjusting comprises adjusting with ananalog control signal.
 9. A mobile unit, comprising: a receiverconfigured to receive and demodulate a signal having a received powerlevel and including power adjustment commands; a control processorcoupled to the receiver and configured to receive the power adjustmentcommands from the receiver and generate therefrom a first controlsignal; an automatic gain control (AGC) circuit coupled to the receiverand configured to generate a second control signal based on the receivedpower level of the signal; and power control circuitry coupled to thecontrol processor and the AGC circuit and configured to receive thefirst control signal from the control processor and adjust a power levelof a transmit signal in accordance with the first control signal, and toreceive the second control signal from the AGC circuit and adjust thepower level of the transmit signal based on the second control signal.10. The mobile unit of claim 9, wherein the receiver is furtherconfigured to remove the power adjustment commands from the signal, thepower adjustment commands having been punctured into the signal.
 11. Themobile unit of claim 9, wherein the first control signal is a digitalcontrol signal.
 12. The mobile unit of claim 9, wherein the secondcontrol signal is an analog control signal.